Generic class syntax in Typescript

Introduction

Generic classes let you create flexible blueprints that work with many types, not just one. This helps you reuse code easily.

When you want a class to work with different data types without rewriting it.

When building containers like lists or stacks that hold any kind of item.

When you want to keep type safety but still be flexible.

When creating utility classes that can handle various data types.

When you want to avoid code duplication for similar classes with different types.

Syntax

Typescript

class ClassName<T> {
  property: T;
  constructor(value: T) {
    this.property = value;
  }
  method(): T {
    return this.property;
  }
}

The <T> after the class name means this class uses a generic type called T.

You can use T inside the class to represent any type given when creating an object.

Examples

This class Box holds one item of any type and returns it.

Typescript

class Box<T> {
  content: T;
  constructor(value: T) {
    this.content = value;
  }
  getContent(): T {
    return this.content;
  }
}

Here we create two boxes: one for numbers and one for strings.

Typescript

const numberBox = new Box<number>(123);
const stringBox = new Box<string>("hello");

This class uses two generic types T and U to hold two different types of values.

Typescript

class Pair<T, U> {
  first: T;
  second: U;
  constructor(first: T, second: U) {
    this.first = first;
    this.second = second;
  }
}

Sample Program

This program creates a generic Storage class that can store items of any type. We make one storage for numbers and one for strings, add items, and print them.

Typescript

class Storage<T> {
  private items: T[] = [];

  add(item: T): void {
    this.items.push(item);
  }

  getAll(): T[] {
    return this.items;
  }
}

const numberStorage = new Storage<number>();
numberStorage.add(10);
numberStorage.add(20);
console.log(numberStorage.getAll());

const stringStorage = new Storage<string>();
stringStorage.add("apple");
stringStorage.add("banana");
console.log(stringStorage.getAll());

Important Notes

You can use any name instead of T, but T is common and means 'Type'.

Generic classes help catch type errors early because TypeScript knows what type you expect.

You can have multiple generic types separated by commas, like <T, U>.

Summary

Generic classes let you write flexible, reusable code that works with many types.

Use <T> after the class name to declare a generic type.

Generic types keep your code safe and clear by knowing what type is used.

Practice

1. What does the <T> mean in a TypeScript generic class declaration like class Box<T> {}?

easy

A. It declares a placeholder type that can be replaced with any type when creating an instance.

B. It defines a fixed type named T that cannot be changed.

C. It is a syntax error and should be removed.

D. It specifies that the class only works with numbers.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand generic type parameter

   The <T> after the class name declares a generic type parameter named T, which acts as a placeholder for any type.

2. Step 2: Purpose of generic classes

   This allows the class to work flexibly with any type specified when creating an instance, making the code reusable and type-safe.

3. Final Answer:

   It declares a placeholder type that can be replaced with any type when creating an instance. -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Generic <T> = placeholder type [OK]

Hint: Generic <T> means flexible type placeholder [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking <T> fixes the type permanently
• Confusing generic syntax with inheritance
• Assuming <T> is a variable or value

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to declare a generic class named Container with a type parameter T?

easy

A. class Container[T] {}

B. class Container(T) {}

C. class Container {T} {}

D. class Container<T> {}

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall generic class syntax

   In TypeScript, generic classes use angle brackets <> to declare type parameters after the class name.

2. Step 2: Match correct syntax

   The correct syntax is class Container<T> {}. Other options use parentheses, curly braces, or square brackets incorrectly.

3. Final Answer:

   class Container<T> {} -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Generic class uses <T> syntax [OK]

Hint: Generic classes use angle brackets <T> after name [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using parentheses instead of angle brackets
• Placing type parameter inside class body
• Using square brackets which are for arrays

3. What is the output of this TypeScript code?

class Box<T> {
  content: T;
  constructor(value: T) {
    this.content = value;
  }
  getContent(): T {
    return this.content;
  }
}

const box = new Box<string>('hello');
console.log(box.getContent());

medium

A. Box { content: 'hello' }

B. undefined

C. hello

D. TypeError at runtime

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand class instantiation

   The class Box<T> is instantiated with T = string, so content is a string holding 'hello'.

2. Step 2: Trace method call

   The method getContent() returns the stored content, which is 'hello'. The console.log prints this string.

3. Final Answer:

   hello -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Generic class returns stored value 'hello' [OK]

Hint: Generic class returns stored value of specified type [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Expecting object print instead of string
• Confusing property with method output
• Thinking generic causes runtime error

4. Identify the error in this generic class code:

class Pair<T, U> {
  first: T;
  second: U;
  constructor(first: T, second: T) {
    this.first = first;
    this.second = second;
  }
}

medium

A. Constructor parameters should be (first: T, second: U) to match property types.

B. Generic parameters should be declared as <T> only, not .

C. Properties first and second must have the same type T.

D. Constructor cannot have parameters in a generic class.

Solution

1. Step 1: Compare constructor parameters with property types

   The class declares two generic types T and U, with properties first: T and second: U.

2. Step 2: Identify mismatch in constructor

   The constructor incorrectly uses second: T instead of second: U, causing a type mismatch.

3. Final Answer:

   Constructor parameters should be (first: T, second: U) to match property types. -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Constructor params must match generic property types [OK]

Hint: Match constructor param types to generic properties [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using same type for both parameters ignoring generics
• Removing one generic parameter incorrectly
• Thinking constructor can't have parameters in generics

5. You want to create a generic class Dictionary<K, V> that stores key-value pairs. Which implementation correctly uses generics to store and retrieve values by key?

class Dictionary<K, V> {
  private items: Map<K, V> = new Map();

  add(key: K, value: V): void {
    this.items.set(key, value);
  }

  get(key: K): V | undefined {
    return this.items.get(key);
  }
}

hard

A. Generic types cannot be used with Map in TypeScript.

B. This implementation correctly uses generics to store and retrieve values by key.

C. The add method should return the value added, not void.

D. The Map should be declared as Map<V, K> to match key-value order.

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze Map usage with generics

   The class uses Map<K, V> to store keys of type K and values of type V, which is correct.

2. Step 2: Check methods for correct generic usage

   The add method sets a key-value pair, and get retrieves the value by key, both using the generic types properly.

3. Final Answer:

   This implementation correctly uses generics to store and retrieve values by key. -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Generic Map<K, V> with add/get methods = correct [OK]

Hint: Use Map with add/get methods for generic dictionary [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Swapping key and value types in Map declaration
• Expecting add to return a value unnecessarily
• Believing generics can't be used with built-in types