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Types of Banking Risks

Introduction

Banking risks என்பது வங்கியின் income, capital, அல்லது stability-யை எதிர்மறையாக பாதிக்கக்கூடிய பல்வேறு uncertainty-களை குறிக்கிறது. பல்வேறு risk வகைகளை புரிந்துகொள்வது அவசியம், ஏனெனில் risk-based questions are very common SBI, IBPS, மற்றும் RBI தேர்வுகளில்.

கேள்விகள் பொதுவாக definition-based, classification-based, அல்லது example-based வடிவில் இருக்கும்.

Pattern: Types of Banking Risks

Pattern

முக்கிய கருத்து என்னவென்றால், வங்கிகள் எதிர்கொள்ளும் source of loss அல்லது uncertainty-யை அடையாளம் கண்டு, அதனை சரியான risk வகையில் வகைப்படுத்த வேண்டும்.

Core Banking Risks (Exam-Focused):
• Credit Risk → borrower கடனை திருப்பிச் செலுத்தத் தவறுவதால் ஏற்படும் risk.
• Operational Risk → internal failures, systems, அல்லது human error காரணமாக ஏற்படும் risk.
• Market Risk → interest rates போன்ற market variables மாற்றங்களால் ஏற்படும் risk.
• Liquidity Risk → obligations-ஐ நிறைவேற்ற போதிய funds இல்லாத risk.

Step-by-Step Example

Question

ஒரு borrower வங்கி loan-ஐ காலத்திற்குள் திருப்பிச் செலுத்தவில்லை. இது எந்த வகையான banking risk-ஐ குறிக்கிறது?

Options:
A. Market risk
B. Liquidity risk
C. Operational risk
D. Credit risk

Solution

  1. Step 1: பிரச்சனையின் மூலத்தை அடையாளம் காணுங்கள்

    Borrower loan-ஐ திருப்பிச் செலுத்த முடியாததால் அல்லது செலுத்த விரும்பாததால் இந்த பிரச்சனை ஏற்படுகிறது.

  2. Step 2: சரியான risk category-யுடன் பொருத்துங்கள்

    Borrower loan default காரணமாக ஏற்படும் risk, Credit risk என வகைப்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

  3. Step 3: மற்ற risks-ஐ நீக்குங்கள்

    Market risk என்பது price changes-ஐ குறிக்கும், liquidity risk என்பது cash shortage-ஐ குறிக்கும், operational risk என்பது internal failures-ஐ குறிக்கும்.

  4. Final Answer:

    Credit risk → Option D

  5. Quick Check:

    Loan default = Credit risk ✅

Quick Variations

• ATM failure அல்லது fraud → Operational risk.

• Interest rate fluctuations → Market risk.

• Deposits திடீரென withdraw ஆகுதல் → Liquidity risk.

• NPA formation → Credit risk.

Trick to Always Use

  • Step 1 → கேள்வி கேளுங்கள்: பிரச்சனை யாரால் ஏற்பட்டது - borrower, market, system, அல்லது cash flow?
  • Step 2 → Borrower failure → Credit risk.
  • Step 3 → Internal failure → Operational risk.
  • Step 4 → Market movement → Market risk.
  • Step 5 → Cash shortage → Liquidity risk.

Summary

Summary

  • Banking risks என்பது வங்கிகளுக்கு financial loss ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடிய uncertainty-கள்.
  • Borrower default காரணமாக Credit risk உருவாகிறது.
  • Internal failures அல்லது fraud காரணமாக Operational risk ஏற்படுகிறது.
  • External market மற்றும் cash flow issues காரணமாக Market risk மற்றும் Liquidity risk ஏற்படுகின்றன.

நினைவில் கொள்ள வேண்டிய உதாரணம்:
“Borrower → Credit, System → Operational, Market → Market, Cash → Liquidity.”

Practice

(1/5)
1. A bank faces losses due to failure of its internal IT system during peak transaction hours. Which type of banking risk is this?
easy
A. Operational risk
B. Market risk
C. Credit risk
D. Liquidity risk

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify the source of loss

    The loss occurred due to failure of internal systems.

  2. Step 2: Match with risk type

    Failures of systems, processes, or people fall under operational risk.

  3. Final Answer:

    Operational risk → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    System or process failure = Operational risk ✅
Hint: Internal system or human failure points to operational risk.
Common Mistakes: Confusing system failures with market movements.
2. A sudden increase in interest rates leads to a fall in the value of a bank’s bond portfolio. Which risk does this represent?
easy
A. Credit risk
B. Market risk
C. Operational risk
D. Liquidity risk

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify the cause of loss

    The loss is due to changes in market interest rates.

  2. Step 2: Classify the risk

    Losses arising from movements in market variables are market risks.

  3. Final Answer:

    Market risk → Option B

  4. Quick Check:

    Interest rate movement = Market risk ✅
Hint: Price or rate fluctuations always indicate market risk.
Common Mistakes: Attributing interest rate impact to credit risk.
3. A bank is unable to meet withdrawal demands because a large number of depositors withdraw funds at the same time. Which risk is involved?
easy
A. Market risk
B. Credit risk
C. Liquidity risk
D. Operational risk

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify the immediate problem

    The bank lacks sufficient cash to meet withdrawal demands.

  2. Step 2: Match with risk category

    Inability to meet short-term obligations is liquidity risk.

  3. Final Answer:

    Liquidity risk → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    Cash shortage to meet obligations = Liquidity risk ✅
Hint: Cash flow problem = Liquidity risk.
Common Mistakes: Confusing liquidity issues with credit defaults.
4. Losses arising due to fraud committed by bank employees fall under which type of risk?
medium
A. Market risk
B. Credit risk
C. Liquidity risk
D. Operational risk

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify the source of loss

    The loss is due to internal human misconduct.

  2. Step 2: Classify the risk

    Fraud and internal failures are part of operational risk.

  3. Final Answer:

    Operational risk → Option D

  4. Quick Check:

    Fraud by staff = Operational risk ✅
Hint: Internal fraud or error always signals operational risk.
Common Mistakes: Treating fraud losses as credit risk.
5. Which type of risk increases when a bank lends heavily to a single borrower or sector?
medium
A. Credit risk
B. Market risk
C. Operational risk
D. Liquidity risk

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify the lending pattern

    High exposure to one borrower or sector increases default impact.

  2. Step 2: Match with the risk type

    Risk arising from borrower concentration is credit risk.

  3. Final Answer:

    Credit risk → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    Loan concentration raises credit risk ✅
Hint: Higher exposure to borrowers = higher credit risk.
Common Mistakes: Linking loan concentration with liquidity risk.

Mock Test

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