CASE in WHERE clause in SQL

Introduction

We use CASE in the WHERE clause to choose different filtering rules based on conditions. It helps us make flexible queries that change what rows to pick depending on data.

You want to filter rows differently based on a column's value.

You need to apply multiple conditions but only one should be active at a time.

You want to simplify complex filtering logic inside a single query.

You want to avoid writing multiple queries for different cases.

Syntax

SQL

SELECT columns
FROM table_name
WHERE CASE
  WHEN condition1 THEN filter_condition1
  WHEN condition2 THEN filter_condition2
  ELSE filter_condition_default
END = TRUE;

The CASE expression returns a value that the WHERE clause uses to filter rows.

Each THEN part should return a boolean condition (TRUE or FALSE) for filtering.

Examples

This filters employees: if they are in Sales, only those with salary > 50000 are shown; others need salary > 30000.

SQL

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE CASE
  WHEN department = 'Sales' THEN salary > 50000
  ELSE salary > 30000
END = TRUE;

This shows orders: if status is Pending, only recent orders after 2024-01-01 are shown; otherwise, all orders are included.

SQL

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE CASE
  WHEN status = 'Pending' THEN order_date > '2024-01-01'
  ELSE TRUE
END = TRUE;

Sample Program

This query selects products with different price filters based on their category. Electronics must cost more than 500, Clothing more than 100, and others more than 10.

SQL

CREATE TABLE products (
  id INT,
  category VARCHAR(20),
  price DECIMAL(10,2)
);

INSERT INTO products VALUES
(1, 'Electronics', 1200.00),
(2, 'Clothing', 80.00),
(3, 'Electronics', 300.00),
(4, 'Clothing', 150.00),
(5, 'Books', 20.00);

SELECT id, category, price
FROM products
WHERE CASE
  WHEN category = 'Electronics' THEN price > 500
  WHEN category = 'Clothing' THEN price > 100
  ELSE price > 10
END = TRUE;

Important Notes

CASE in WHERE helps avoid repeating similar queries with small differences.

Make sure each THEN returns a condition that evaluates to TRUE or FALSE.

Using ELSE TRUE means no filtering for rows that don't match earlier conditions.

Summary

CASE in WHERE lets you pick different filters based on data values.

It simplifies queries that need conditional filtering.

Each CASE branch returns a boolean condition for filtering rows.

Practice

1. What does using CASE in a WHERE clause allow you to do in SQL?

easy

A. Sort the results in multiple ways

B. Create new columns in the result set

C. Apply different filter conditions based on row values

D. Join tables conditionally

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the role of CASE in WHERE

   The CASE expression in WHERE lets you choose which condition to apply depending on data values in each row.

2. Step 2: Compare with other options

   Creating new columns is done with SELECT, sorting with ORDER BY, and joining with JOIN, not CASE in WHERE.

3. Final Answer:

   Apply different filter conditions based on row values -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   CASE in WHERE = conditional filtering [OK]

Hint: CASE in WHERE picks filters by row values [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking CASE creates new columns
• Confusing CASE with ORDER BY
• Assuming CASE controls JOIN logic

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to use CASE inside a WHERE clause?

easy

A. WHERE CASE age WHEN > 18 THEN 'adult' ELSE 'minor' END = 'adult'

B. WHERE CASE WHEN age > 18 THEN 'adult' ELSE 'minor' END = 'adult'

C. WHERE CASE WHEN age > 18 THEN adult ELSE minor END

D. WHERE CASE age > 18 THEN 'adult' ELSE 'minor' END = 'adult'

Solution

1. Step 1: Review correct CASE syntax

   The correct CASE syntax uses WHEN condition THEN result ELSE result END. WHERE CASE WHEN age > 18 THEN 'adult' ELSE 'minor' END = 'adult' follows this exactly.

2. Step 2: Identify syntax errors in other options

   Options B, C, and D misuse CASE syntax by missing WHEN or ELSE keywords or incorrect placement.

3. Final Answer:

   WHERE CASE WHEN age > 18 THEN 'adult' ELSE 'minor' END = 'adult' -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   CASE WHEN ... THEN ... ELSE ... END [OK]

Hint: CASE needs WHEN and THEN keywords in WHERE [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Omitting WHEN keyword
• Using CASE without END
• Placing conditions incorrectly

3. Given the table Employees with column salary, what rows will this query return?

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE CASE WHEN salary >= 50000 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END = 1;

medium

A. Rows where salary is less than 50000

B. Rows where salary is exactly 50000

C. All rows regardless of salary

D. Rows where salary is 50000 or more

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the CASE condition

   The CASE returns 1 if salary is 50000 or more, else 0.

2. Step 2: Apply the WHERE filter

   The WHERE clause keeps rows where CASE result equals 1, so salary must be at least 50000.

3. Final Answer:

   Rows where salary is 50000 or more -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   salary >= 50000 = filtered rows [OK]

Hint: CASE returns 1 for salary ≥ 50000, filter keeps those rows [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking it returns rows below 50000
• Confusing equality with greater than
• Ignoring ELSE result

4. Identify the error in this query using CASE in WHERE clause:

SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE CASE order_status WHEN 'shipped' THEN TRUE ELSE FALSE;

medium

A. Missing END keyword for CASE expression

B. Incorrect use of TRUE/FALSE in CASE

C. CASE cannot be used in WHERE clause

D. Missing THEN keyword in CASE

Solution

1. Step 1: Check CASE syntax completeness

   The CASE expression must end with END keyword, which is missing here.

2. Step 2: Verify other parts

   TRUE/FALSE usage is valid, CASE can be used in WHERE, and THEN keyword is present.

3. Final Answer:

   Missing END keyword for CASE expression -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   CASE ... END required [OK]

Hint: Always close CASE with END in WHERE [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Forgetting END keyword
• Thinking CASE can't be in WHERE
• Misplacing THEN keyword

5. You want to filter Products so that if category is 'Electronics', only products with stock > 0 are shown; otherwise, show products with price < 100. Which WHERE clause using CASE is correct?

hard

A. WHERE CASE WHEN category = 'Electronics' THEN stock > 0 ELSE price < 100 END = TRUE

B. WHERE CASE category WHEN 'Electronics' THEN stock > 0 ELSE price < 100 = TRUE

C. WHERE CASE WHEN category = 'Electronics' THEN stock > 0 ELSE price < 100

D. WHERE CASE category WHEN 'Electronics' THEN stock > 0 ELSE price < 100

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand CASE returns boolean condition

   The CASE must return TRUE or FALSE to filter rows properly.

2. Step 2: Check syntax and comparison

   WHERE CASE WHEN category = 'Electronics' THEN stock > 0 ELSE price < 100 END = TRUE correctly uses WHEN condition THEN boolean expression ELSE boolean expression END = TRUE to filter rows.

3. Step 3: Identify why others are wrong

   Options A, B, and D miss the END keyword for the CASE expression, causing syntax errors.

4. Final Answer:

   WHERE CASE WHEN category = 'Electronics' THEN stock > 0 ELSE price < 100 END = TRUE -> Option A

5. Quick Check:

   CASE returns boolean, compare with TRUE in WHERE [OK]

Hint: Compare CASE result to TRUE in WHERE for boolean filters [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Missing END keyword
• Using CASE with simple WHEN without condition
• Returning non-boolean values in CASE