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True / False / Uncertain Type Deduction

Introduction

reasoning-based questions-ல், கொடுக்கப்பட்ட தகவலின் அடிப்படையில் ஒரு statement True, False, அல்லது Cannot Be Determined (Uncertain) என முடிவு செய்யுமாறு அடிக்கடி கேட்கப்படும். இந்த pattern, facts-ஐ exactly as given புரிந்து கொள்ளும் உங்கள் திறனை சோதிக்கிறது - எந்த assumption-உம் இல்லை, imagination-உம் இல்லை.

இது மிகவும் அடிப்படையான analytical reasoning pattern-களில் ஒன்று; Data Sufficiency, Critical Reasoning, மற்றும் Logical Deduction sets-க்கு தேவையான logical precision-ஐ உருவாக்க உதவுகிறது.

Pattern: True / False / Uncertain Type Deduction

Pattern

முக்கிய கருத்து: கொடுக்கப்பட்ட facts-ஐ அடிப்படையாக கொண்டு statements-ஐ மதிப்பீடு செய்வது - ஒவ்வொரு statement-மும் definitely true, definitely false, அல்லது cannot be determined என்பதைக் தீர்மானிப்பது.

- True → கொடுக்கப்பட்ட தகவலிலிருந்து கட்டாயமாக logically follow ஆக வேண்டும்.
- False → கொடுக்கப்பட்ட தகவலுக்கு நேரடியாக முரண்பட வேண்டும்.
- Uncertain → follow ஆகவும் இல்லை, contradict ஆகவும் இல்லை - data போதாது.

Step-by-Step Example

Question

Passage:
“All managers in the company have at least five years of experience. Some team leads have less than five years of experience. Ritu is a manager in the same company.”

Statements:
(1) Ritu has at least five years of experience.
(2) Ritu is also a team lead.

Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?
(A) Both True
(B) Both False
(C) Statement (1) True, (2) Uncertain
(D) Statement (1) True, (2) False

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze Statement (1)

    All managers → have ≥5 years experience. Ritu ஒரு manager ⇒ அவளுக்கு கண்டிப்பாக ≥5 ஆண்டுகள் அனுபவம் உள்ளது. ✅ True.

  2. Step 2: Analyze Statement (2)

    Ritu மற்றும் team lead-கள் இடையில் எந்த தகவலும் கொடுக்கப்படவில்லை. Possible, ஆனால் stated இல்லை ⇒ ❓ Uncertain.

  3. Final Answer:

    Statement (1) True, Statement (2) Uncertain → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    (1)-க்கு direct deduction, (2)-க்கு link இல்லை ⇒ True + Uncertain ✅

Quick Variations

1. தனிப்பட்ட statements-ஐ True/False/Uncertain என வகைப்படுத்துதல்.

2. பல statements-இல் எவை definitely true என்பதை கண்டறிதல்.

3. data-based reasoning-ல் வரும் “Cannot be determined” வகை கேள்விகள்.

4. table அல்லது paragraph அடிப்படையிலான factual evaluation tasks.

Trick to Always Use

  • Step 1: Passage-ஐ கவனமாக வாசிக்கவும் - அதை 100% true என்று எடுத்துக் கொள்ளவும்.
  • Step 2: ஒவ்வொரு statement-ஐ facts-களுடன் நேரடியாக ஒப்பிடவும்.
  • Step 3: explicit-ஆ support அல்லது deny செய்யப்படவில்லை என்றால் “Uncertain” என குறிக்கவும்.
  • Step 4: கொடுக்கப்பட்டதைத் தவிர வேறு எதையும் assume செய்யவேண்டாம்.

Summary

Summary

  • “True” என்றால் கொடுக்கப்பட்ட facts-இலிருந்து logically follow ஆக வேண்டும்.
  • “False” என்றால் facts-க்கு நேரடியாக முரண்பட வேண்டும்.
  • “Uncertain” என்றால் எந்த முடிவுக்கும் போதுமான தகவல் இல்லை.
  • lack of information மற்றும் contradiction ஆகியவற்றை தெளிவாக வேறுபடுத்த வேண்டும்.

நினைவில் வைக்க வேண்டிய example:
“All cats are animals. Some animals are dogs.” → ‘All cats are dogs’ = False; ‘Some animals are cats’ = True; ‘Some cats are dogs’ = Uncertain.

Practice

(1/5)
1. Passage:<br>“All players in the cricket team are fit. Some players are bowlers. Raj is a bowler in the team.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) Raj is fit.<br>(2) All bowlers are unfit.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) True, (2) False<br>(B) (1) True, (2) Uncertain<br>(C) (1) Uncertain, (2) False<br>(D) Both True
easy
A. (1) True, (2) False
B. (1) True, (2) Uncertain
C. (1) Uncertain, (2) False
D. Both True

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    All players in the team are fit. Raj is a player, so he is fit → ✅ True.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    Statement says all bowlers are unfit - contradicts the given passage where all players (including bowlers) are fit → ❌ False.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) True, (2) False → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    Raj is part of “all players are fit” ⇒ fits logic ✅
Hint: When a universal statement applies to all, it covers every subset automatically.
Common Mistakes: Marking the second statement as Uncertain instead of False.
2. Passage:<br>“Some fruits are sweet. All mangoes are fruits. Some fruits are sour.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) All mangoes are sweet.<br>(2) Some mangoes may be sweet.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) False, (2) True<br>(B) (1) False, (2) Uncertain<br>(C) (1) Uncertain, (2) True<br>(D) (1) True, (2) False
easy
A. (1) False, (2) True
B. (1) False, (2) Uncertain
C. (1) Uncertain, (2) True
D. (1) True, (2) False

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    ‘All mangoes are sweet’ - not stated in passage → ❌ Uncertain.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    ‘Some mangoes may be sweet’ - possible since some fruits (to which mangoes belong) are sweet → ✅ True.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) Uncertain, (2) True → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    Partial truth applies logically to a subset ✅
Hint: ‘Some’ allows possibility, not certainty - check direct inclusion.
Common Mistakes: Assuming all mangoes are sweet without given proof.
3. Passage:<br>“All cars are vehicles. Some vehicles are red. No bike is a car.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) Some vehicles are not bikes.<br>(2) All red vehicles are cars.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) True, (2) Uncertain<br>(B) (1) False, (2) True<br>(C) (1) True, (2) False<br>(D) (1) Uncertain, (2) False
medium
A. (1) True, (2) Uncertain
B. (1) False, (2) True
C. (1) True, (2) False
D. (1) Uncertain, (2) False

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    No bike is a car and all cars are vehicles → Some vehicles (cars) are not bikes → ✅ True.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    ‘All red vehicles are cars’ - not given, as red vehicles could include other types → ❌ False.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) True, (2) False → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    Logical consistency confirmed ✅
Hint: When exclusion exists, look for direct negation-based deductions.
Common Mistakes: Assuming all red vehicles must be cars.
4. Passage:<br>“Every student who studies regularly passes the exam. Some students do not study regularly.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) Some students may fail the exam.<br>(2) All students will pass the exam.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) True, (2) False<br>(B) (1) Uncertain, (2) True<br>(C) (1) False, (2) True<br>(D) (1) True, (2) Uncertain
medium
A. (1) True, (2) False
B. (1) Uncertain, (2) True
C. (1) False, (2) True
D. (1) True, (2) Uncertain

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    Some students do not study regularly; only regular students pass ⇒ those who do not may fail → ✅ True.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    ‘All students will pass’ contradicts passage → ❌ False.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) True, (2) False → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    Condition-based deduction validated ✅
Hint: Look for ‘only if’ triggers; absence breaks certainty.
Common Mistakes: Assuming all students succeed despite exceptions.
5. Passage:<br>“All doctors are educated. Some educated people are researchers. No researcher is a farmer.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) All doctors are researchers.<br>(2) Some educated people are not farmers.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) False, (2) True<br>(B) (1) True, (2) False<br>(C) (1) Uncertain, (2) False<br>(D) (1) True, (2) Uncertain
medium
A. (1) False, (2) True
B. (1) True, (2) False
C. (1) Uncertain, (2) False
D. (1) True, (2) Uncertain

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    ‘All doctors are researchers’ - not mentioned and conflicts with data → ❌ False.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    Some educated people are researchers, and no researcher is a farmer → hence those researchers (educated) are not farmers → ✅ True.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) False, (2) True → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    Subset mapping holds logically ✅
Hint: Map set relations with Venn reasoning to avoid assumption-based errors.
Common Mistakes: Inferring indirect relation between doctors and researchers.

Mock Test

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