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Common Cause – Two Effects

Introduction

कुछ reasoning प्रश्नों में दोनों statements आपस में जुड़े हुए लगते हैं, लेकिन कोई भी सीधे दूसरे को cause नहीं करता। इसके बजाय, दोनों एक shared या common cause की वजह से होते हैं। यह पैटर्न उन indirect संबंधों को पहचानने के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है जहाँ दो outcomes एक ही मूल कारण से उत्पन्न होते हैं।

Pattern: Common Cause – Two Effects

Pattern

मुख्य अवधारणा: दोनों statements एक ऐसे common cause के effects होते हैं जो प्रश्न में सीधे बताया नहीं गया होता।

Step-by-Step Example

Question

1️⃣ पेट्रोल की कीमतें बढ़ गईं।
2️⃣ ट्रांसपोर्टेशन का खर्च बढ़ गया।

निम्न में से कौन सा विकल्प सही संबंध दिखाता है?
(A) 1 → Cause; 2 → Effect
(B) 2 → Cause; 1 → Effect
(C) दोनों एक common cause के effects हैं
(D) दोनों स्वतंत्र हैं

Solution

  1. Step 1: जाँचें क्या एक सीधे दूसरे को cause करता है

    पेट्रोल की कीमत बढ़ना और ट्रांसपोर्ट खर्च बढ़ना संबंधित लगते हैं, लेकिन एक सीधे दूसरे को cause नहीं करता।

  2. Step 2: संभावित hidden reason पहचानें

    दोनों का कारण वैश्विक crude oil कीमतों का बढ़ना हो सकता है।

  3. Step 3: तर्कसंगत निष्कर्ष

    चूँकि दोनों एक ही मूल कारण से प्रभावित हैं, यह एक Common Cause पैटर्न है।

  4. Final Answer:

    Both are effects of a common cause → Option C

  5. Quick Check:

    यदि crude oil कीमतें स्थिर हों, तो पेट्रोल और ट्रांसपोर्ट दोनों के खर्च कम हो सकते हैं → shared origin साबित होता है ✅

Quick Variations

1. एक प्राकृतिक, आर्थिक, या policy-based कारण से दो अलग-अलग परिणाम हो सकते हैं।

2. common cause प्रश्न में अक्सर दिया नहीं होता - उसे तर्क से infer करना पड़ता है।

3. दोनों घटनाएँ आमतौर पर एक ही बाहरी trigger के कारण लगभग एक ही समय पर होती हैं।

Trick to Always Use

  • ऐसा अदृश्य तीसरा कारण खोजें जो दोनों statements को समझा सके।
  • देखें क्या दोनों में से कोई भी दूसरे को logically cause नहीं करता।
  • पूछें: “क्या दोनों एक ही बाहरी कारण से हो सकते हैं?” - अगर हाँ, तो यह common cause पैटर्न है।

Summary

Summary

  • दोनों statements एक shared external कारण से होते हैं।
  • कोई भी statement दूसरे को सीधे cause नहीं करता।
  • दोनों को जोड़ने वाला hidden या implied factor पहचानें।
  • Economy, environment, और policy-based reasoning में यह पैटर्न आम है।

याद रखने के लिए उदाहरण:
“Petrol price rise” और “Transport cost rise” → दोनों crude oil price increase के effects हैं।

Practice

(1/5)
1. 1️⃣ The number of people suffering from cough and cold increased. 2️⃣ The sale of cold medicines went up sharply. Identify the correct cause-effect relationship.
easy
A. 1 → Cause; 2 → Effect
B. 2 → Cause; 1 → Effect
C. Both are effects of a common cause
D. Both are independent

Solution

  1. Step 1: Check if one causes the other

    Higher cold medicine sales and more people catching colds occur together but not directly due to each other.

  2. Step 2: Identify possible shared reason

    Both could be caused by a sudden change in weather.

  3. Step 3: Conclude

    Both statements are effects of the same cause - cold weather.

  4. Final Answer:

    Both are effects of a common cause → Option C

  5. Quick Check:

    If weather improves, both effects reduce → shared cause confirmed ✅
Hint: Look for an unseen event (like weather) that explains both outcomes.
Common Mistakes: Assuming medicine sales caused people to get colds.
2. 1️⃣ The number of online transactions increased rapidly. 2️⃣ The number of cyber fraud cases also rose. Choose the correct relationship.
easy
A. 1 → Cause; 2 → Effect
B. Both are effects of a common cause
C. 2 → Cause; 1 → Effect
D. Both are independent

Solution

  1. Step 1: Examine link

    Increased online transactions and more cyber frauds are related but both can stem from one factor - greater internet penetration.

  2. Step 2: Find the common cause

    Rise in digital use or availability of e-payment systems caused both trends.

  3. Final Answer:

    Both are effects of a common cause → Option B

  4. Quick Check:

    If internet use hadn’t grown, neither would have risen ✅
Hint: When both statements show a growth pattern, check for a shared external driver.
Common Mistakes: Confusing one as the cause of the other instead of recognizing a shared reason.
3. 1️⃣ Farmers are demanding higher minimum support prices (MSP). 2️⃣ Food inflation in the market has increased. Identify the correct cause-effect pattern.
easy
A. Both are independent
B. 1 → Cause; 2 → Effect
C. Both are effects of a common cause
D. 2 → Cause; 1 → Effect

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze connection

    Higher input costs (like fertilizers and fuel) may lead to both increased MSP demands and higher food prices.

  2. Step 2: Hidden reason

    Rising production cost is the common cause behind both events.

  3. Final Answer:

    Both are effects of a common cause → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    If input costs fall, both demands and inflation will decline ✅
Hint: Economic cost hikes often trigger multiple related outcomes.
Common Mistakes: Assuming farmer demands directly caused inflation.
4. 1️⃣ There is a shortage of water in major cities. 2️⃣ Electricity production from hydropower plants has decreased. Choose the correct cause-effect identification.
medium
A. Both are effects of a common cause
B. 1 → Cause; 2 → Effect
C. 2 → Cause; 1 → Effect
D. Both are independent

Solution

  1. Step 1: Connect logically

    Water shortage and less hydropower can both result from poor rainfall.

  2. Step 2: Identify hidden cause

    Deficient monsoon is the shared reason for both effects.

  3. Final Answer:

    Both are effects of a common cause → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    Normal rainfall → no shortage or fall in hydropower ✅
Hint: When environmental events affect multiple areas, look for one natural factor behind them.
Common Mistakes: Treating water shortage as the cause of low power generation.
5. 1️⃣ The number of mobile phone users increased drastically. 2️⃣ The number of internet service providers grew. Identify the correct relationship between the statements.
medium
A. 1 → Cause; 2 → Effect
B. 2 → Cause; 1 → Effect
C. Both are effects of a common cause
D. Both are independent

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze dependency

    Both trends could be due to the same factor - advancement in telecommunications and cheaper technology.

  2. Step 2: Confirm common origin

    Cheaper data and smartphones led to both rising usage and more service providers.

  3. Final Answer:

    Both are effects of a common cause → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    If data costs were high, neither rise would occur ✅
Hint: When both trends show parallel growth, check for an external enabling factor.
Common Mistakes: Assuming more users directly caused increase in service providers (mutual effect, not direct cause).

Mock Test

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