Default values in constructors in Python - Time & Space Complexity

Time Complexity: Default values in constructors

O(n)

Understanding Time Complexity

When we use default values in constructors, we want to know how this choice affects the time it takes to create objects.

We ask: Does setting default values change how long the constructor runs as we create more objects?

Scenario Under Consideration

Analyze the time complexity of the following code snippet.

class Box:
    def __init__(self, length=1, width=1, height=1):
        self.length = length
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

boxes = []
n = 10  # Example value for n
for i in range(n):
    boxes.append(Box())
    

This code creates n Box objects using default values in the constructor.

Identify Repeating Operations

• Primary operation: The loop that creates and adds Box objects to the list.
• How many times: The loop runs n times, once for each Box created.

How Execution Grows With Input

Each new object takes a small, fixed amount of time to create because the constructor just sets three values.

Input Size (n)	Approx. Operations
10	About 30 simple assignments
100	About 300 simple assignments
1000	About 3000 simple assignments

Pattern observation: The total work grows directly with the number of objects created.

Final Time Complexity

Time Complexity: O(n)

This means the time to create n objects grows in a straight line with n.

Common Mistake

[X] Wrong: "Using default values makes the constructor run faster or slower depending on n."

[OK] Correct: The default values are set once per object and do not add extra loops or complex steps, so the time per object stays the same regardless of defaults.

Interview Connect

Understanding how constructors work with default values helps you explain object creation clearly and shows you can think about how code scales.

Self-Check

"What if the constructor included a loop that ran based on one of the input values? How would the time complexity change?"

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of using default values in a Python class constructor (__init__ method)?

easy

A. To prevent the class from being instantiated

B. To make the constructor run faster

C. To allow creating objects without providing all arguments

D. To force the user to always provide all arguments

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand default values in constructors

   Default values let you set a value for a parameter if no argument is given when creating an object.

2. Step 2: Identify the effect on object creation

   This means you can create an object without giving all arguments, and the defaults fill in the missing ones.

3. Final Answer:

   To allow creating objects without providing all arguments -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Default values = optional arguments [OK]

Hint: Defaults let you skip arguments when creating objects [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking defaults speed up the constructor
• Believing defaults prevent object creation
• Assuming defaults force all arguments

2. Which of the following is the correct way to set a default value for the parameter age in a Python class constructor?

easy

A. def __init__(self, age:30):

B. def __init__(self, age): age=30

C. def __init__(self, age): age == 30

D. def __init__(self, age=30):

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall Python syntax for default parameters

   Default values are set by assigning a value in the parameter list, like age=30.

2. Step 2: Check each option

   def __init__(self, age=30): uses correct syntax. def __init__(self, age): age=30 tries to assign inside the method header, which is invalid. def __init__(self, age): age == 30 uses comparison operator instead of assignment. def __init__(self, age:30): uses incorrect type hint syntax.

3. Final Answer:

   def __init__(self, age=30): -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Default parameter = param=value [OK]

Hint: Default values go in the parameter list with = [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assigning default inside the method body
• Using == instead of = for defaults
• Confusing type hints with default values

3. What will be the output of this code?

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age=25):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

p = Person('Alice')
print(p.name, p.age)

medium

A. Alice 25

B. Alice None

C. Alice 0

D. Error: missing argument for age

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze the constructor parameters

   The constructor has age=25 as a default, so if age is not given, it uses 25.

2. Step 2: Check object creation and print

   We create p = Person('Alice') without age, so age is 25. Printing p.name and p.age shows 'Alice 25'.

3. Final Answer:

   Alice 25 -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Missing argument uses default [OK]

Hint: Missing argument uses default value [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Expecting error when argument is missing
• Assuming default is None if not given
• Confusing default with zero or empty string

4. Find the error in this class constructor:

class Car:
    def __init__(self, model='Sedan', year):
        self.model = model
        self.year = year

medium

A. Missing return statement in __init__

B. Default parameter must come after non-default parameters

C. self is missing in parameters

D. Cannot assign to self attributes in constructor

Solution

1. Step 1: Check parameter order in constructor

   In Python, parameters with default values must come after parameters without defaults.

2. Step 2: Identify the error in parameter order

   Here, model='Sedan' is a default parameter before year which has no default. This causes a syntax error.

3. Final Answer:

   Default parameter must come after non-default parameters -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Default params last in list [OK]

Hint: Put all default parameters after non-default ones [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Placing default parameters before required ones
• Thinking __init__ needs return
• Forgetting self parameter

5. You want to create a class Book where the author defaults to 'Unknown' and pages defaults to 100 if not provided. Which constructor is correct?

hard

A. def __init__(self, author='Unknown', pages=100): self.author = author; self.pages = pages

B. def __init__(self, author, pages=100='Unknown'):

C. def __init__(self, author='Unknown', pages):

D. def __init__(self, author='Unknown', pages=100):

Solution

1. Step 1: Check parameter defaults and order

   Both author and pages have default values, so order is flexible. Options B and C have syntax errors.

2. Step 2: Verify constructor body assigns attributes

   def __init__(self, author='Unknown', pages=100): self.author = author; self.pages = pages correctly sets defaults and assigns self.author and self.pages inside the constructor body.

3. Final Answer:

   def __init__(self, author='Unknown', pages=100): self.author = author; self.pages = pages -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Defaults set in params, assign inside method [OK]

Hint: Set defaults in params, assign inside __init__ [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Incorrect default assignment syntax
• Not assigning parameters to self
• Mixing default values and assignments