Class attributes in Python - Practice Problems & Coding Challenges

Challenge - 5 Problems

❓ Predict Output

intermediate

Output of class attribute access

What is the output of this code?

Python

class Dog:
    species = "Canis familiaris"

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

dog1 = Dog("Buddy")
dog2 = Dog("Max")
print(dog1.species)
print(dog2.species)
print(Dog.species)

A Error: species is not defined

B

Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris

C

Canis familiaris
Max
Buddy

D

Buddy
Max
Canis familiaris

💡 Hint

Class attributes are shared by all instances unless overridden.

The class attribute 'species' is shared by all instances and the class itself. Accessing it from instances or the class prints the same value.

❓ Predict Output

intermediate

Changing class attribute affects instances

What is the output of this code?

Python

class Car:
    wheels = 4

car1 = Car()
car2 = Car()
Car.wheels = 6
print(car1.wheels)
print(car2.wheels)

A

4
4

B Error: cannot assign to wheels

C

4
6

D

6
6

💡 Hint

Changing a class attribute changes it for all instances that don't override it.

Changing Car.wheels to 6 updates the class attribute. Both car1 and car2 see the updated value because they don't have an instance attribute named wheels.

❓ Predict Output

advanced

Instance attribute shadows class attribute

What is the output of this code?

Python

class Book:
    genre = "Fiction"

b1 = Book()
b2 = Book()
b2.genre = "Non-Fiction"
print(b1.genre)
print(b2.genre)
print(Book.genre)

A

Fiction
Fiction
Fiction

B

Non-Fiction
Non-Fiction
Non-Fiction

C

Fiction
Non-Fiction
Fiction

D Error: genre attribute missing

💡 Hint

Instance attributes override class attributes with the same name.

b2.genre creates an instance attribute that shadows the class attribute. b1.genre and Book.genre remain unchanged.

❓ Predict Output

advanced

Modifying mutable class attribute affects all instances

What is the output of this code?

Python

class Team:
    members = []

team1 = Team()
team2 = Team()
team1.members.append("Alice")
print(team1.members)
print(team2.members)
print(Team.members)

A

['Alice']
['Alice']
['Alice']

B

['Alice']
[]
[]

C

[]
[]
[]

D Error: cannot append to members

💡 Hint

Mutable class attributes are shared by all instances.

The list 'members' is a class attribute shared by all instances. Appending to it via one instance affects all.

🧠 Conceptual

expert

Class attribute behavior with inheritance

Given this code, what is the output?

Python

class Animal:
    sound = "Generic"

class Cat(Animal):
    pass

class Dog(Animal):
    sound = "Bark"

print(Animal.sound)
print(Cat.sound)
print(Dog.sound)

A

Generic
Generic
Bark

B

Generic
Bark
Bark

C

Generic
Generic
Generic

D Error: sound attribute missing in Cat

💡 Hint

Child classes inherit class attributes unless they override them.

Cat inherits 'sound' from Animal, so it prints 'Generic'. Dog overrides 'sound' with 'Bark'.

Practice

1. What is a class attribute in Python?
class Car:
wheels = 4
Here, what does wheels represent?

easy

A. A value shared by all Car objects

B. A value unique to each Car object

C. A method inside the Car class

D. A variable defined inside a method

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify the attribute location

   The attribute wheels is defined inside the class but outside any method.

2. Step 2: Understand class attribute behavior

   Attributes defined this way are shared by all instances of the class.

3. Final Answer:

   A value shared by all Car objects -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Class attribute = shared value [OK]

Hint: Class attributes are outside methods, shared by all instances [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking class attributes are unique per object
• Confusing class attributes with instance attributes
• Assuming class attributes are methods

2. Which of the following is the correct way to define a class attribute color with value "red" inside a class Fruit?

easy

A. class Fruit:
def __init__(self):
color = "red"

B. class Fruit:
def color(self):
return "red"

C. class Fruit:
def __init__(self, color):
self.color = color

D. class Fruit:
color = "red"

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify class attribute syntax

   A class attribute is defined directly inside the class, outside any method.

2. Step 2: Check each option

   class Fruit: color = "red" correctly defines color as a class attribute. class Fruit: def __init__(self): color = "red" defines a local variable inside __init__. class Fruit: def color(self): return "red" defines a method, not an attribute. class Fruit: def __init__(self, color): self.color = color defines an instance attribute.

3. Final Answer:

   class Fruit: color = "red" -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Class attribute = direct assignment inside class [OK]

Hint: Class attributes are assigned directly inside class, outside methods [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Defining attribute inside __init__ without self
• Confusing methods with attributes
• Using self for class attributes

3. What will be the output of this code?

class Dog:
    species = "Canine"

dog1 = Dog()
dog2 = Dog()
Dog.species = "Wolf"
print(dog1.species)
print(dog2.species)

medium

A. Canine\nCanine

B. Wolf\nCanine

C. Wolf\nWolf

D. Canine\nWolf

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand class attribute change

   The attribute species is a class attribute shared by all instances.

2. Step 2: Effect of changing class attribute

   Changing Dog.species to "Wolf" updates the value for all instances that don't have their own species attribute.

3. Final Answer:

   Wolf\nWolf -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Changing class attribute affects all instances [OK]

Hint: Changing class attribute changes it for all instances without override [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking instances keep old class attribute values
• Confusing instance and class attributes
• Expecting different outputs for dog1 and dog2

4. Find the error in this code snippet:

class Book:
    pages = 100

    def __init__(self, pages):
        pages = pages

b = Book(200)
print(b.pages)

medium

A. The instance attribute pages is not set properly

B. The class attribute pages is overwritten incorrectly

C. Syntax error in __init__ method

D. Cannot print pages attribute directly

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze __init__ method

   The line pages = pages assigns the parameter to itself, not to the instance.

2. Step 2: Understand instance attribute setting

   To set an instance attribute, it should be self.pages = pages. Without self., the instance attribute is not created.

3. Final Answer:

   The instance attribute pages is not set properly -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Use self.pages to set instance attribute [OK]

Hint: Use self.attribute to set instance attributes inside __init__ [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Forgetting self. when assigning instance attributes
• Assuming parameter assignment sets instance attribute
• Confusing class and instance attributes

5. You want to keep track of how many objects of class Student are created using a class attribute count. Which code correctly updates count each time a new Student is made?

hard

A. class Student:
count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.count += 1

B. class Student:
count = 0
def __init__(self):
Student.count += 1

C. class Student:
def __init__(self):
count = 0
count += 1

D. class Student:
count = 0
def __init__(self):
count += 1

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify class attribute usage

   count is a class attribute, so it should be accessed via the class name inside methods.

2. Step 2: Check each option for correct increment

   class Student: count = 0 def __init__(self): Student.count += 1 uses Student.count += 1, correctly updating the class attribute. class Student: count = 0 def __init__(self): self.count += 1 tries to increment self.count, which creates an instance attribute instead. Options C and D have syntax or scope errors.

3. Final Answer:

   class Student: count = 0 def __init__(self): Student.count += 1 -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Update class attribute via ClassName.attribute [OK]

Hint: Use ClassName.attribute to update class attributes inside methods [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using self.attribute to update class attribute
• Defining count inside __init__ instead of class
• Forgetting to use class name to access class attribute