ROLLUP and CUBE for hierarchical totals in PostgreSQL - Cheat Sheet & Quick Revision

Recall & Review

beginner

What does the ROLLUP operator do in SQL?

ROLLUP creates hierarchical totals by grouping data at multiple levels, starting from detailed rows up to a grand total.

intermediate

How does CUBE differ from ROLLUP in SQL?

CUBE generates all possible combinations of grouping columns, giving totals for every grouping level, not just hierarchical ones.

beginner

Write a simple SQL query using ROLLUP to get sales totals by region and product category.

SELECT region, category, SUM(sales) FROM sales_data GROUP BY ROLLUP(region, category);

intermediate

What is the output difference between GROUP BY ROLLUP(a, b) and GROUP BY CUBE(a, b)?

ROLLUP(a, b) returns totals for (a, b), (a), and grand total. CUBE(a, b) returns totals for (a, b), (a), (b), and grand total.

beginner

Why are ROLLUP and CUBE useful in reports?

They help create summary rows automatically, showing subtotals and grand totals without extra queries.

What does GROUP BY ROLLUP(a, b) produce?

A Totals for (a, b), (a), and grand total

B Totals for (a, b), (b), and grand total

C Totals for (a), (b), and grand total

D Totals for (a, b) only

ROLLUP produces hierarchical totals starting from detailed groups to higher levels: (a, b), then (a), then grand total.

Which operator generates all combinations of grouping columns?

A ROLLUP

B CUBE

C GROUPING SETS

D HAVING

CUBE creates all possible combinations of the grouping columns, including individual and combined totals.

In PostgreSQL, which clause can be used to get subtotals and grand totals in one query?

A ORDER BY

B LIMIT

C WHERE

D GROUP BY ROLLUP

GROUP BY ROLLUP adds subtotal and grand total rows automatically.

If you want totals for each column individually and combined, which should you use?

A ROLLUP

B DISTINCT

C CUBE

D UNION

CUBE returns totals for every combination of columns, including individual and combined.

What keyword helps identify subtotal rows in ROLLUP or CUBE results?

A GROUPING

B HAVING

C ORDER BY

D WHERE

The GROUPING() function returns 1 for columns that are aggregated in subtotal rows.

Explain how ROLLUP works to create hierarchical totals in a sales report.

Think about how totals build up from detailed to summary levels.

Describe the difference between CUBE and ROLLUP and when you might use each.

Consider the number of subtotal rows and grouping combinations.

Practice

1. What does the ROLLUP operator do in a PostgreSQL GROUP BY clause?

easy

A. It filters rows based on a condition before grouping.

B. It creates hierarchical subtotals from left to right for the grouped columns.

C. It generates all possible combinations of grouped columns for totals.

D. It sorts the result set after grouping.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand ROLLUP purpose

   ROLLUP creates subtotals that roll up from the first column to the last in the GROUP BY list.

2. Step 2: Compare with other options

   CUBE creates all combinations, filtering and sorting are unrelated to ROLLUP.

3. Final Answer:

   It creates hierarchical subtotals from left to right for the grouped columns. -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   ROLLUP = hierarchical subtotals [OK]

Hint: ROLLUP = subtotals in order of columns [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing ROLLUP with CUBE
• Thinking ROLLUP filters rows
• Assuming ROLLUP sorts results

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to use CUBE in a PostgreSQL query?

easy

A. SELECT col1, col2, SUM(sales) FROM table CUBE BY (col1, col2);

B. SELECT col1, col2, SUM(sales) FROM table GROUP BY CUBE col1, col2;

C. SELECT col1, col2, SUM(sales) FROM table GROUP BY ROLLUP(col1, col2);

D. SELECT col1, col2, SUM(sales) FROM table GROUP BY CUBE(col1, col2);

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall correct GROUP BY syntax with CUBE

   The correct syntax is GROUP BY CUBE(col1, col2) with parentheses around columns.

2. Step 2: Identify incorrect options

   SELECT col1, col2, SUM(sales) FROM table CUBE BY (col1, col2); uses invalid 'CUBE BY', C uses ROLLUP, D misses parentheses.

3. Final Answer:

   SELECT col1, col2, SUM(sales) FROM table GROUP BY CUBE(col1, col2); -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   GROUP BY CUBE(columns) syntax [OK]

Hint: Use GROUP BY CUBE(col1, col2) with parentheses [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Omitting parentheses in CUBE
• Using 'CUBE BY' instead of 'GROUP BY CUBE'
• Confusing ROLLUP and CUBE syntax

3. Given the table sales with columns region, product, and amount, what will be the output rows count of this query?

SELECT region, product, SUM(amount) FROM sales GROUP BY ROLLUP(region, product);

medium

A. Number of distinct (region, product) pairs plus one subtotal per region plus one grand total row.

B. Number of distinct (region, product) pairs only.

C. Number of distinct regions only.

D. Number of distinct products only.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand ROLLUP output rows

   ROLLUP(region, product) returns all (region, product) groups, plus subtotals per region, plus a grand total row.

2. Step 2: Count rows

   Total rows = distinct (region, product) + distinct regions (subtotals) + 1 (grand total).

3. Final Answer:

   Number of distinct (region, product) pairs plus one subtotal per region plus one grand total row. -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   ROLLUP adds subtotals and grand total [OK]

Hint: ROLLUP adds subtotals and grand total rows [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Ignoring subtotal and grand total rows
• Counting only distinct pairs
• Confusing ROLLUP with CUBE output

4. Identify the error in this query using CUBE:

SELECT region, product, SUM(amount) FROM sales GROUP BY CUBE region, product;

medium

A. GROUP BY cannot use CUBE with more than one column.

B. SUM(amount) cannot be used with CUBE.

C. Missing parentheses around columns in CUBE function.

D. region and product must be in ORDER BY, not GROUP BY.

Solution

1. Step 1: Check CUBE syntax

   CUBE requires parentheses around the columns: CUBE(region, product).

2. Step 2: Validate other parts

   SUM(amount) is valid, multiple columns allowed, ORDER BY is unrelated.

3. Final Answer:

   Missing parentheses around columns in CUBE function. -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   CUBE syntax needs parentheses [OK]

Hint: Always use parentheses with CUBE columns [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Omitting parentheses in CUBE
• Thinking SUM is invalid with CUBE
• Confusing GROUP BY and ORDER BY

5. You want to generate a report showing sales totals by region, product, and year, including all subtotals and grand totals. Which query correctly uses CUBE to achieve this?

hard

A. SELECT region, product, year, SUM(amount) FROM sales GROUP BY CUBE(region, product, year);

B. SELECT region, product, year, SUM(amount) FROM sales GROUP BY region, product, year;

C. SELECT region, product, year, SUM(amount) FROM sales GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(region, product, year);

D. SELECT region, product, year, SUM(amount) FROM sales GROUP BY ROLLUP(region, product, year);

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the requirement

   All subtotals and grand totals for region, product, and year means all combinations of these columns.

2. Step 2: Choose correct grouping method

   CUBE generates all combinations, ROLLUP only hierarchical totals, GROUPING SETS needs explicit sets, simple GROUP BY no subtotals.

3. Final Answer:

   SELECT region, product, year, SUM(amount) FROM sales GROUP BY CUBE(region, product, year); -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   CUBE = all combinations subtotals [OK]

Hint: Use CUBE for all subtotal combinations [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using ROLLUP instead of CUBE for all subtotals
• Confusing GROUPING SETS with CUBE
• Forgetting subtotals with simple GROUP BY