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Difference Series (Finding Common Difference or Missing Terms)

Introduction

A Difference Series एक ऐसी sequence होती है जहाँ हर term अपने पिछले term से आमतौर पर एक fixed amount से अलग होती है। common difference या missing terms को पहचानना एक important exam skill है - यह number series, sequences और reasoning problems में patterns को जल्दी समझने में मदद करता है।

यह pattern इसलिए ज़रूरी है क्योंकि यह आपको linear patterns पहचानने, missing information निकालने और series questions में consistency चेक करने की ability देता है।

Pattern: Difference Series (Finding Common Difference or Missing Terms)

Pattern

Key idea: अगर लगातार terms के बीच difference constant हो, तो sequence एक A.P. होती है जिसका common difference d होता है।

nth term formula (जब a first term हो और d common difference):
Tₙ = a + (n - 1)·d

d निकालने के लिए: किसी term को उसके next term से subtract करें: d = T₂ - T₁ = T₃ - T₂ = ….
Missing term निकालने के लिए: nth-term formula का use करें या d का इस्तेमाल करते हुए sequence को fill करें।

Step-by-Step Example

Question

Series में missing term निकालें: 7, __, 15, 19, 23.

Solution

  1. Step 1: लगातार differences देखें

    जहाँ possible हो, differences निकालें: 15 - ? और 19 - 15 = 4, 23 - 19 = 4. आखिरी दो differences 4 हैं, इसलिए common difference likely d = 4 है।

  2. Step 2: d का उपयोग करके missing term भरें

    क्योंकि 15 - d = missing term → 15 - 4 = 11. First term से भी check करें: 7 → 7 + 4 = 11 (consistent)।

  3. Step 3: पूरी series लिखें

    7, 11, 15, 19, 23.

  4. Final Answer:

    Missing term = 11.

  5. Quick Check:

    सभी consecutive differences: 11 - 7 = 4, 15 - 11 = 4, 19 - 15 = 4, 23 - 19 = 4 ✅

Quick Variations

1. Forward fill: a और d दिए हों तो Tₙ = a + (n-1)d से terms निकालें।

2. Backward fill: बाद के terms दिए हों तो d subtract करके पहले के missing terms निकालें।

3. Multiple missing slots: अगर positions 2 और 4 missing हों तो nth-term formula का use करके equations बनाकर solve करें।

4. Non-constant apparent differences: अगर differences vary हों, तो second differences देखें - constant second differences quadratic pattern दिखाते हैं (A.P. नहीं)।

Trick to Always Use

  • Step 1 → Simple differences निकालें: known adjacent terms को subtract करके d का अंदाज़ा लगाएँ।
  • Step 2 → Consistency confirm करें: कम से कम दो gaps चेक करें कि d constant है या नहीं।
  • Step 3 → nth-term formula का use करें जब non-adjacent terms missing हों: Tₙ = a + (n-1)d और unknowns को solve करें।

Summary

Summary

Difference Series के लिए key takeaways:

  • Difference Series आमतौर पर A.P. होती हैं - common difference d consecutive terms subtract करके निकालें।
  • Tₙ = a + (n - 1)d का use करके कोई भी term निकालें या missing terms को position के हिसाब से solve करें।
  • जब differences constant न हों, तो second differences देखें ताकि non-linear (quadratic) patterns detect हों।
  • हमेशा missing values भरने के बाद consecutive differences दोबारा चेक करें।

Practice

(1/5)
1. Find the common difference in the series: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19.
easy
A. 4
B. 3
C. 5
D. 6

Solution

  1. Step 1: Compute consecutive differences

    7 - 3 = 4, 11 - 7 = 4, 15 - 11 = 4, 19 - 15 = 4.

  2. Step 2: Confirm constant difference

    All differences equal 4, so common difference d = 4.

  3. Final Answer:

    Common difference = 4 → Option A.

  4. Quick Check:

    Adding 4 repeatedly: 3 → 7 → 11 → 15 → 19 ✅

Hint: Subtract any term from the next to find d.
Common Mistakes: Doing differences in reverse order and getting negative values.
2. Find the missing term in the series: 5, __, 13, 17, 21.
easy
A. 9
B. 7
C. 8
D. 11

Solution

  1. Step 1: Observe known consecutive differences

    17 - 13 = 4 and 21 - 17 = 4, so likely common difference d = 4.

  2. Step 2: Back-calculate the missing term

    13 - d = 13 - 4 = 9. Also check: 5 + 4 = 9 (consistent).

  3. Final Answer:

    Missing term = 9 → Option A.

  4. Quick Check:

    Sequence becomes 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 - all steps +4 ✅

Hint: If later gaps are equal, use that d to backfill earlier blanks.
Common Mistakes: Assuming varying differences without checking adjacent gaps.
3. Find the 6th term of the series: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …
easy
A. 16
B. 17
C. 15
D. 18

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify first term and common difference

    First term a = 2, common difference d = 3 (5 - 2 = 3).

  2. Step 2: Use nth-term formula

    Tₙ = a + (n - 1)d ⇒ T₆ = 2 + (6 - 1)×3 = 2 + 15 = 17.

  3. Final Answer:

    6th term = 17 → Option B.

  4. Quick Check:

    Sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 - confirms ✅

Hint: Use Tₙ = a + (n-1)d to jump to any term quickly.
Common Mistakes: Using n×d instead of (n-1)d when applying the formula.
4. The 1st term of an A.P. is 10, and its 6th term is 25. Find the common difference.
medium
A. 2.5
B. 3.5
C. 3
D. 4

Solution

  1. Step 1: Use nth-term formula

    Tₙ = a + (n - 1)d. Substitute T₆ = 25, a = 10: 25 = 10 + (6 - 1)d.

  2. Step 2: Solve for d

    25 - 10 = 5d ⇒ 15 = 5d ⇒ d = 3.

  3. Final Answer:

    Common difference = 3 → Option C.

  4. Quick Check:

    Sequence: 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 - differences = 3 ✅

Hint: d = (Tₙ - a)/(n - 1) when a and Tₙ are known.
Common Mistakes: Dividing by n instead of (n - 1).
5. In a series, the 4th term is 20 and the 8th term is 36. Find the common difference.
medium
A. 3
B. 5
C. 6
D. 4

Solution

  1. Step 1: Use difference of nth terms

    T₈ - T₄ = (a + 7d) - (a + 3d) = 4d.

  2. Step 2: Substitute values and solve

    36 - 20 = 4d ⇒ 16 = 4d ⇒ d = 4.

  3. Final Answer:

    Common difference = 4 → Option D.

  4. Quick Check:

    Four-term gap × 4 = 16 matches 36 - 20 ✅

Hint: When indices differ by k, d = (T_{i+k} - T_i)/k.
Common Mistakes: Dividing the term gap by the total number of terms instead of the interval k.

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