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Nature of Roots (Discriminant Method)

Introduction

Discriminant method quadratic equation के roots की प्रकृति (nature of roots) पता करने में मदद करता है, बिना पूरी equation solve किए। यह बताता है कि roots real या imaginary हैं और distinct या equal हैं।

यह method महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि यह समय बचाता है और equation के behavior के बारे में पहले से idea देता है-actual roots निकालने से पहले ही।

Pattern: Nature of Roots (Discriminant Method)

Pattern

Key idea: discriminant निकालें - D = b² - 4ac.

D के मान के आधार पर:

  • If D > 0 → Roots real और distinct होते हैं।
  • If D = 0 → Roots real और equal होते हैं।
  • If D < 0 → Roots imaginary (complex conjugates) होते हैं।

Step-by-Step Example

Question

Equation 2x² - 3x + 1 = 0 के roots का nature बताइए।

Solution

  1. Step 1: Coefficients पहचानें

    a = 2, b = -3, c = 1.

  2. Step 2: Discriminant calculate करें

    D = b² - 4ac = (-3)² - 4(2)(1) = 9 - 8 = 1.

  3. Step 3: Result interpret करें

    D > 0 ⇒ Roots real और distinct हैं।

  4. Final Answer:

    Roots real और distinct हैं।

  5. Quick Check:

    Quadratic solve करने पर x = 1 और 0.5 मिलते हैं → दोनों अलग real roots हैं ✅

Quick Variations

1. कभी-कभी k का वह range पूछा जाता है जिसके लिए roots real हों।

2. Questions यह भी पूछ सकते हैं कि roots equal हैं या unequal।

3. Word problems (motion, area आदि) में भी discriminant-based conditions आती हैं।

Trick to Always Use

  • Step 1: Coefficients (a, b, c) साफ-साफ लिखें।
  • Step 2: D = b² - 4ac calculate करें।
  • Step 3: D की तुलना 0 से करें और roots का nature decide करें।
  • Step 4: याद रखें: D > 0 → distinct, D = 0 → equal, D < 0 → imaginary.

Summary

Summary

Discriminant Method में:

  • Formula D = b² - 4ac सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है।
  • D का sign सीधे roots का nature बताता है।
  • पूरी equation solve करने की ज़रूरत नहीं - सिर्फ D निकालकर roots classify किए जा सकते हैं।

Practice

(1/5)
1. Find the nature of the roots of the equation x² + 5x + 6 = 0.
easy
A. Real and distinct
B. Real and equal
C. Imaginary
D. None of these

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify coefficients

    a = 1, b = 5, c = 6.

  2. Step 2: Compute discriminant

    D = b² - 4ac = 25 - 24 = 1.

  3. Step 3: Interpret

    Since D > 0, the roots are real and distinct.

  4. Final Answer:

    Real and distinct → Option A.

  5. Quick Check:

    Factors: (x + 2)(x + 3) ⇒ roots -2 and -3 (two distinct reals) ✅

Hint: If D > 0 → real and distinct.
Common Mistakes: Forgetting to compute 4ac or mis-evaluating b².
2. Determine the nature of roots of 2x² + 4x + 2 = 0.
easy
A. Real and equal
B. Real and distinct
C. Imaginary
D. Cannot be determined

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify coefficients

    a = 2, b = 4, c = 2.

  2. Step 2: Compute discriminant

    D = b² - 4ac = 16 - 16 = 0.

  3. Step 3: Interpret

    Since D = 0, the equation has real and equal (repeated) roots.

  4. Final Answer:

    Real and equal → Option A.

  5. Quick Check:

    2x² +4x +2 = 2(x + 1)² ⇒ root x = -1 (double root) ✅

Hint: If D = 0 → one repeated real root (perfect square trinomial).
Common Mistakes: Failing to divide common factor before recognizing perfect square.
3. For the equation x² + 4x + 8 = 0, find the nature of its roots.
easy
A. Real and distinct
B. Imaginary
C. Real and equal
D. Cannot say

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify coefficients

    a = 1, b = 4, c = 8.

  2. Step 2: Compute discriminant

    D = b² - 4ac = 16 - 32 = -16.

  3. Step 3: Interpret

    Since D < 0, the roots are imaginary (complex conjugates).

  4. Final Answer:

    Imaginary → Option B.

  5. Quick Check:

    Roots = -2 ± 2i (complex) - no real solutions ✅

Hint: If D < 0 → complex conjugate roots.
Common Mistakes: Forgetting the sign when subtracting 4ac from b².
4. Find the nature of roots for 3x² - 6x + 3 = 0.
medium
A. Real and distinct
B. Imaginary
C. Real and equal
D. None of these

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify coefficients

    a = 3, b = -6, c = 3.

  2. Step 2: Compute discriminant

    D = b² - 4ac = 36 - 36 = 0.

  3. Step 3: Interpret

    Since D = 0, the roots are real and equal (repeated root).

  4. Final Answer:

    Real and equal → Option C.

  5. Quick Check:

    3x² -6x +3 = 3(x -1)² ⇒ root x = 1 (double) ✅

Hint: D = 0 indicates a repeated real root (perfect square).
Common Mistakes: Missing the factor 3 and not recognizing the perfect square form.
5. For the equation 5x² + 2x + 3 = 0, determine the nature of roots.
medium
A. Real and distinct
B. Real and equal
C. None
D. Imaginary

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify coefficients

    a = 5, b = 2, c = 3.

  2. Step 2: Compute discriminant

    D = b² - 4ac = 4 - 60 = -56.

  3. Step 3: Interpret

    Since D < 0, the roots are imaginary (complex conjugates).

  4. Final Answer:

    Imaginary → Option D.

  5. Quick Check:

    Negative discriminant confirms no real roots (complex roots) ✅

Hint: Negative discriminant → complex roots; no real solutions.
Common Mistakes: Arithmetic error computing 4ac or forgetting to square b.

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