Cascading timers for long delays in PLC Programming

Introduction

Sometimes timers in PLCs can only count for a short time. Cascading timers help us make longer delays by linking many timers one after another.

You want to turn on a machine after a long wait, like 10 minutes, but your timer only counts up to 1 minute.

You need to delay a signal for a long time in a process, like waiting for a tank to fill slowly.

You want to create a long pause between two steps in an automated system.

You need to stretch a short timer's limit by using several timers in a row.

Syntax

PLC Programming

Timer1: Timer preset = short delay
Timer2: Timer preset = short delay
...
TimerN: Timer preset = short delay

Logic:
Start Timer1
When Timer1 done, start Timer2
When Timer2 done, start Timer3
...
When TimerN done, long delay is complete

Each timer counts a short delay, and when it finishes, it triggers the next timer.

The total delay is the sum of all timers' preset times.

Examples

Two timers each set for 1 minute create a 2-minute delay.

PLC Programming

Timer1 preset = 1 minute
Timer2 preset = 1 minute
Start Timer1
When Timer1 done, start Timer2
Total delay = 2 minutes

Three timers of 30 seconds each add up to 1.5 minutes delay.

PLC Programming

Timer1 preset = 30 seconds
Timer2 preset = 30 seconds
Timer3 preset = 30 seconds
Start Timer1
When Timer1 done, start Timer2
When Timer2 done, start Timer3
Total delay = 1.5 minutes

Sample Program

This program uses three timers of 1 second each. When the input turns ON, Timer1 starts. When Timer1 finishes, Timer2 starts. When Timer2 finishes, Timer3 starts. When Timer3 finishes, the output turns ON. Total delay is 3 seconds.

PLC Programming

(* PLC Ladder Logic Pseudocode for cascading timers *)

// Define timers with 1 second preset
Timer1.Preset := T#1s;
Timer2.Preset := T#1s;
Timer3.Preset := T#1s;

// Start first timer when input is ON
IF StartInput THEN
  Timer1.IN := TRUE;
ELSE
  Timer1.IN := FALSE;
  Timer2.IN := FALSE;
  Timer3.IN := FALSE;
END_IF;

// When Timer1 is done, start Timer2
Timer2.IN := Timer1.Q;

// When Timer2 is done, start Timer3
Timer3.IN := Timer2.Q;

// Output turns ON when Timer3 is done
Output := Timer3.Q;

Important Notes

Make sure timers reset properly when the start input is OFF to avoid unwanted delays.

The total delay is the sum of all timer presets, so choose presets carefully.

Cascading timers can be used to overcome timer preset limits in your PLC.

Summary

Cascading timers link short timers to create longer delays.

Each timer starts when the previous one finishes.

This method helps when a single timer cannot handle the needed delay.

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of using cascading timers in PLC programming for long delays?

easy

A. To combine multiple short timers to achieve a longer delay

B. To run multiple timers simultaneously for faster operation

C. To reset timers automatically after each cycle

D. To reduce the number of timers used in a program

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the limitation of single timers

   Single timers have a maximum delay limit, so they cannot handle very long delays alone.

2. Step 2: Explain cascading timers concept

   Cascading timers link several short timers in sequence, where each starts after the previous finishes, to create a longer total delay.

3. Final Answer:

   To combine multiple short timers to achieve a longer delay -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Cascading timers extend delay by chaining short timers [OK]

Hint: Think of timers as building blocks for longer delays [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming timers run at the same time
• Believing timers reset automatically
• Thinking cascading reduces timer count

2. Which of the following is the correct way to start the second timer in a cascading timer setup?

easy

A. Start the second timer when the first timer is running

B. Start the second timer when the first timer's done bit is ON

C. Start the second timer when the first timer's preset value is reached

D. Start the second timer immediately after the first timer starts

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify the trigger for the second timer

   The second timer should start only after the first timer finishes, indicated by its done bit being ON.

2. Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options

   Starting the second timer while the first is running or immediately after it starts is incorrect because it breaks the cascade logic.

3. Final Answer:

   Start the second timer when the first timer's done bit is ON -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Second timer triggers on first timer done bit [OK]

Hint: Second timer waits for first timer done bit [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Starting second timer too early
• Using preset value instead of done bit
• Starting timers simultaneously

3. Given the following cascading timers setup:

Timer1: PT=10s, DN bit set after 10s
Timer2: PT=20s, starts when Timer1.DN is ON
Timer3: PT=30s, starts when Timer2.DN is ON

What is the total delay before Timer3.DN becomes ON?

medium

A. 60 minutes

B. 30 seconds

C. 10 seconds

D. 60 seconds

Solution

1. Step 1: Calculate each timer's delay

   Timer1 delays 10 seconds, Timer2 delays 20 seconds, Timer3 delays 30 seconds.

2. Step 2: Add delays in cascade

   Total delay = 10s + 20s + 30s = 60 seconds.

3. Final Answer:

   60 seconds -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Sum of all timer delays = 60 seconds [OK]

Hint: Add all timer delays in sequence for total delay [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Taking only last timer delay
• Multiplying delays instead of adding
• Confusing seconds with minutes

4. In a cascading timer setup, the second timer never starts even after the first timer finishes. What is the most likely cause?

medium

A. The first timer's done bit is not used as a start condition for the second timer

B. The first timer's preset time is too short

C. The second timer's preset time is longer than the first timer's

D. The second timer's start condition is incorrectly linked to the first timer's running bit

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze the start condition for the second timer

   The second timer must start when the first timer's done bit is ON; if not, it won't start.

2. Step 2: Identify the error

   If the done bit is not used as the start condition, the second timer never triggers, causing the issue.

3. Final Answer:

   The first timer's done bit is not used as a start condition for the second timer -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Second timer needs first timer done bit to start [OK]

Hint: Check if second timer triggers on first timer done bit [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing running bit with done bit
• Blaming preset times for start issues
• Ignoring start condition linkage

5. You need a delay of 5 minutes in a PLC program, but the maximum timer preset is 1 minute. How can you use cascading timers to achieve this delay?

hard

A. Use a single timer set to 5 minutes, ignoring the max preset limit

B. Use 1 timer set to 1 minute and loop it 5 times without cascading

C. Use 5 timers in sequence, each set to 1 minute, starting the next when the previous timer's done bit is ON

D. Use 2 timers set to 2.5 minutes each, starting simultaneously

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand timer preset limit

   The timer cannot be set above 1 minute, so a single timer cannot create a 5-minute delay.

2. Step 2: Apply cascading timers to extend delay

   Use 5 timers of 1 minute each, starting each next timer when the previous timer's done bit is ON, to sum up to 5 minutes.

3. Final Answer:

   Use 5 timers in sequence, each set to 1 minute, starting the next when the previous timer's done bit is ON -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Cascade multiple 1-minute timers to reach 5 minutes [OK]

Hint: Chain timers equal to max preset to reach total delay [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Trying to set timer above max preset
• Starting timers simultaneously instead of cascading
• Looping single timer without done bit control