Motor direction with H-Bridge (L293D/L298N) in Arduino

Introduction

We use an H-Bridge to control the direction of a motor. It lets us make the motor spin forward or backward by changing the electric flow.

You want a robot car to move forward and backward.

You need to control a fan's rotation direction.

You want to reverse a conveyor belt's movement.

You are building a motorized door that opens and closes.

Syntax

Arduino

digitalWrite(pin1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pin2, LOW);

Set one pin HIGH and the other LOW to control motor direction.

Use two pins connected to the H-Bridge inputs for each motor.

Examples

This makes the motor spin forward.

Arduino

digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);

This makes the motor spin backward.

Arduino

digitalWrite(2, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);

This stops the motor by cutting power.

Arduino

digitalWrite(2, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);

Sample Program

This program makes the motor spin forward for 2 seconds, stop for 1 second, spin backward for 2 seconds, then stop again. It repeats this cycle.

Arduino

#define motorPin1 2
#define motorPin2 3

void setup() {
  pinMode(motorPin1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motorPin2, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  // Spin motor forward
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
  delay(2000); // run for 2 seconds

  // Stop motor
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
  delay(1000); // stop for 1 second

  // Spin motor backward
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, HIGH);
  delay(2000); // run for 2 seconds

  // Stop motor
  digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
  delay(1000); // stop for 1 second
}

Important Notes

Always connect the H-Bridge power and ground correctly to avoid damage.

Use delays to see the motor direction changes clearly.

Make sure your motor power supply matches the motor's voltage rating.

Summary

Use two digital pins to control motor direction with an H-Bridge.

Set one pin HIGH and the other LOW to spin forward or backward.

Set both pins LOW to stop the motor.

Practice

1. Which of the following correctly describes how to make a motor spin forward using an H-Bridge (L293D/L298N) with two Arduino pins pinA and pinB?

easy

A. Set both pinA and pinB HIGH

B. Set pinA LOW and pinB HIGH

C. Set both pinA and pinB LOW

D. Set pinA HIGH and pinB LOW

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand motor direction control

   To spin the motor forward, one pin must be HIGH and the other LOW to create current flow in one direction.

2. Step 2: Apply pin states for forward spin

   Setting pinA HIGH and pinB LOW makes the motor spin forward.

3. Final Answer:

   Set pinA HIGH and pinB LOW -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Forward spin = pinA HIGH, pinB LOW [OK]

Hint: Forward spin means one pin HIGH, other LOW [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Setting both pins HIGH or LOW thinking motor spins
• Confusing which pin should be HIGH for forward
• Assuming both pins LOW spins motor forward

2. Which Arduino code snippet correctly sets pin1 HIGH and pin2 LOW to spin a motor forward using an H-Bridge?

easy

A. digitalWrite(pin1, LOW); digitalWrite(pin2, HIGH);

B. digitalWrite(pin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(pin2, LOW);

C. digitalWrite(pin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(pin2, HIGH);

D. digitalWrite(pin1, LOW); digitalWrite(pin2, LOW);

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall correct pin states for forward

   Forward spin requires first pin HIGH and second pin LOW.

2. Step 2: Match code to pin states

   Code in digitalWrite(pin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(pin2, LOW); sets pin1 HIGH and pin2 LOW correctly.

3. Final Answer:

   digitalWrite(pin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(pin2, LOW); -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Pin1 HIGH, Pin2 LOW = forward spin [OK]

Hint: HIGH then LOW means forward spin [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Swapping HIGH and LOW values
• Setting both pins HIGH or LOW
• Using analogWrite instead of digitalWrite

3. What will be the motor behavior when the following Arduino code runs?

digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);

medium

A. Motor spins backward

B. Motor spins forward

C. Motor stops

D. Motor speed changes but direction stays same

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify pin states and their meaning

   Pin 3 is LOW and pin 4 is HIGH, which reverses the current flow compared to forward spin.

2. Step 2: Determine motor direction

   This pin combination makes the motor spin backward.

3. Final Answer:

   Motor spins backward -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   LOW then HIGH = backward spin [OK]

Hint: LOW then HIGH means backward spin [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming LOW then HIGH is forward spin
• Thinking motor stops when pins differ
• Confusing speed control with direction

4. The following code is intended to stop the motor, but it does not. What is the error?

digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);

medium

A. Pins must be set to LOW and HIGH to stop

B. Pins should be set to INPUT to stop motor

C. Both pins HIGH causes motor to brake, not stop

D. digitalWrite cannot be used to stop motor

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand stopping motor with H-Bridge

   To stop the motor, both pins should be LOW to cut power and stop current flow.

2. Step 2: Analyze given pin states

   Both pins are set HIGH, which causes the motor to brake but not coast to a stop.

3. Final Answer:

   Both pins HIGH causes motor to brake, not stop -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Stop motor = both pins LOW, not HIGH [OK]

Hint: Stop motor by setting both pins LOW [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Setting both pins HIGH thinking motor stops
• Using INPUT mode instead of LOW
• Confusing brake with stop

5. You want to write Arduino code to spin a motor forward for 3 seconds, then stop for 2 seconds, then spin backward for 3 seconds using pins 7 and 8 with an L298N. Which code snippet correctly implements this?

hard

A. digitalWrite(7, HIGH); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(3000); digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(2000); digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, HIGH); delay(3000);

B. digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, HIGH); delay(3000); digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(2000); digitalWrite(7, HIGH); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(3000);

C. digitalWrite(7, HIGH); digitalWrite(8, HIGH); delay(3000); digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(2000); digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(3000);

D. digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(3000); digitalWrite(7, HIGH); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(2000); digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, HIGH); delay(3000);

Solution

1. Step 1: Set pins for forward spin and delay

   Forward spin requires pin 7 HIGH and pin 8 LOW, then delay 3000 ms (3 seconds).

2. Step 2: Stop motor by setting both pins LOW and delay

   Both pins LOW stops motor, delay 2000 ms (2 seconds).

3. Step 3: Set pins for backward spin and delay

   Backward spin requires pin 7 LOW and pin 8 HIGH, delay 3000 ms.

4. Final Answer:

   digitalWrite(7, HIGH); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(3000); digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, LOW); delay(2000); digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(8, HIGH); delay(3000); -> Option A

5. Quick Check:

   Forward, stop, backward with correct pins and delays [OK]

Hint: Forward=HIGH-LOW, Stop=LOW-LOW, Backward=LOW-HIGH [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Swapping forward and backward pin states
• Not stopping motor between directions
• Using HIGH-HIGH which brakes but doesn't stop