YEAR, MONTH, DAY extraction in SQL

Introduction

We use YEAR, MONTH, and DAY extraction to get parts of a date separately. This helps us understand or organize data by year, month, or day.

You want to find all records from a specific year, like sales in 2023.

You need to group data by month to see monthly trends, like monthly expenses.

You want to filter data for a specific day, like events happening on the 15th.

You want to display just the year or month from a full date in reports.

You want to compare parts of dates, like checking if two dates are in the same month.

Syntax

SQL

SELECT
  EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date_column) AS year_part,
  EXTRACT(MONTH FROM date_column) AS month_part,
  EXTRACT(DAY FROM date_column) AS day_part
FROM table_name;

EXTRACT function pulls out the year, month, or day from a date or timestamp.

The result is a number representing the part of the date you asked for.

Examples

Extracts the year 2024 from the date.

SQL

SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM DATE '2024-06-15') AS year;

Extracts the month 6 (June) from the date.

SQL

SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM DATE '2024-06-15') AS month;

Extracts the day 15 from the date.

SQL

SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM DATE '2024-06-15') AS day;

Extracts year and month from the order_date column in the orders table.

SQL

SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) AS order_year,
       EXTRACT(MONTH FROM order_date) AS order_month
FROM orders;

Sample Program

This creates a table with event dates, inserts three events, and extracts year, month, and day from each event_date.

SQL

CREATE TABLE events (
  id INT,
  event_date DATE
);

INSERT INTO events (id, event_date) VALUES
(1, DATE '2024-06-15'),
(2, DATE '2023-12-25'),
(3, DATE '2024-01-01');

SELECT id,
       EXTRACT(YEAR FROM event_date) AS year,
       EXTRACT(MONTH FROM event_date) AS month,
       EXTRACT(DAY FROM event_date) AS day
FROM events
ORDER BY id;

Important Notes

Some SQL databases also support functions like YEAR(), MONTH(), DAY() as shortcuts.

Make sure your date column is in a date or timestamp format for EXTRACT to work correctly.

EXTRACT returns numbers, so you can use them in calculations or comparisons.

Summary

Use EXTRACT to get year, month, or day from a date.

This helps filter, group, or display parts of dates easily.

Works with date or timestamp columns in your database.

Practice

1. What does the SQL function EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) return when used on a date column?

easy

A. The full date in order_date

B. The year part of the date in order_date

C. The day part of the date in order_date

D. The month part of the date in order_date

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the EXTRACT function

   The EXTRACT function is used to get a specific part of a date, such as year, month, or day.

2. Step 2: Identify the part requested

   Here, EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) extracts the year part from the date in the order_date column.

3. Final Answer:

   The year part of the date in order_date -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date) = year number [OK]

Hint: EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date) gets the year number fast [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing YEAR with MONTH or DAY
• Expecting full date instead of part
• Using wrong syntax like EXTRACT(order_date YEAR)

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to extract the month from a date column named sale_date?

easy

A. EXTRACT(MONTH FROM sale_date)

B. EXTRACT(MONTH sale_date)

C. EXTRACT(FROM sale_date MONTH)

D. EXTRACT(sale_date, MONTH)

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall the correct EXTRACT syntax

   The correct syntax is EXTRACT(part FROM source), where part is YEAR, MONTH, or DAY.

2. Step 2: Match syntax with options

   EXTRACT(MONTH FROM sale_date) uses EXTRACT(MONTH FROM sale_date), which matches the correct syntax.

3. Final Answer:

   EXTRACT(MONTH FROM sale_date) -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   EXTRACT(part FROM date) is correct syntax [OK]

Hint: Remember EXTRACT(part FROM date) syntax [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Omitting FROM keyword
• Swapping order of arguments
• Using commas inside EXTRACT

3. Given a table events with a column event_date storing dates, what will this query return?

SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM event_date) FROM events WHERE EXTRACT(MONTH FROM event_date) = 12;

medium

A. All month numbers of events that happened in December

B. Syntax error due to wrong EXTRACT usage

C. All full dates of events in December

D. All day numbers of events that happened in December

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze the WHERE clause

   The WHERE clause filters rows where the month part of event_date is 12 (December).

2. Step 2: Analyze the SELECT clause

   The SELECT clause extracts the day part from event_date for those filtered rows.

3. Final Answer:

   All day numbers of events that happened in December -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   EXTRACT filters month=12, selects day numbers [OK]

Hint: Filter by month, select day with EXTRACT [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing day with month in SELECT
• Expecting full date instead of day number
• Thinking query has syntax error

4. Identify the error in this SQL query:

SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR sale_date) FROM sales;

medium

A. Missing FROM keyword inside EXTRACT

B. sale_date should be in quotes

C. EXTRACT cannot be used on date columns

D. No error, query is correct

Solution

1. Step 1: Check EXTRACT syntax

   EXTRACT requires the syntax EXTRACT(part FROM source). The keyword FROM is missing here.

2. Step 2: Confirm correct usage

   The correct query should be SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM sale_date) FROM sales;

3. Final Answer:

   Missing FROM keyword inside EXTRACT -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   EXTRACT(part FROM date) needs FROM [OK]

Hint: Always include FROM in EXTRACT syntax [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Omitting FROM keyword
• Putting column name in quotes
• Thinking EXTRACT can't use dates

5. You want to find all orders placed on the 15th day of any month in 2023 from the orders table with a order_date column. Which query correctly filters these orders?

hard

A. SELECT * FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(MONTH FROM order_date) = 15 AND EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2023;

B. SELECT * FROM orders WHERE DAY(order_date) = 15 AND YEAR(order_date) = 2023;

C. SELECT * FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(DAY FROM order_date) = 15 AND EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2023;

D. SELECT * FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(DAY FROM order_date) = 2023 AND EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 15;

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct EXTRACT usage for day and year

   We want day = 15 and year = 2023, so EXTRACT(DAY FROM order_date) = 15 and EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2023.

2. Step 2: Check each option

   SELECT * FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(DAY FROM order_date) = 15 AND EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2023; matches the correct conditions. SELECT * FROM orders WHERE DAY(order_date) = 15 AND YEAR(order_date) = 2023; uses non-standard functions that may not work in all SQL dialects. SELECT * FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(MONTH FROM order_date) = 15 AND EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2023; incorrectly uses MONTH = 15. SELECT * FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(DAY FROM order_date) = 2023 AND EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 15; swaps day and year values incorrectly.

3. Final Answer:

   SELECT * FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(DAY FROM order_date) = 15 AND EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2023; -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Filter day=15 and year=2023 with EXTRACT [OK]

Hint: Use EXTRACT(DAY FROM date) and EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date) together [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Mixing up day and month
• Using non-standard functions without checking dialect
• Swapping day and year values