Switching between windows in Selenium Java

Introduction

Sometimes, a web app opens new windows or tabs. You need to switch control to these windows to test them.

When clicking a link opens a new browser tab and you want to check its content.

When a popup window appears and you need to interact with it.

When testing multi-window workflows like login or payment popups.

When verifying that the main window remains unchanged after opening a new window.

When closing a child window and returning to the main window.

Syntax

Selenium Java

String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    if (!windowHandle.equals(mainWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);
        break;
    }
}

getWindowHandle() returns the current window's ID.

getWindowHandles() returns all open window IDs.

Examples

This switches from the main window to the newly opened window.

Selenium Java

String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
// Switch to new window
for (String window : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    if (!window.equals(mainWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(window);
        break;
    }
}

Switch directly to a window if you know its ID.

Selenium Java

driver.switchTo().window("windowHandleId");

Switch back to the main window using its handle after working in another window.

Selenium Java

driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);

Sample Program

This test opens a page with a button that opens a new window. It switches to the new window, prints its title, closes it, then returns to the main window and prints its title.

Selenium Java

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.time.Duration;

public class WindowSwitchTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path/to/chromedriver");
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));

        driver.get("https://www.w3schools.com/jsref/tryit.asp?filename=tryjsref_win_open");

        // Switch to iframe to click the button
        driver.switchTo().frame("iframeResult");
        driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();

        String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

        // Switch to new window
        for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
            if (!windowHandle.equals(mainWindow)) {
                driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);
                break;
            }
        }

        // Print title of new window
        System.out.println("New window title: " + driver.getTitle());

        // Close new window
        driver.close();

        // Switch back to main window
        driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);
        System.out.println("Back to main window title: " + driver.getTitle());

        driver.quit();
    }
}

Important Notes

Always store the main window handle before switching to new windows.

Use driver.close() to close the current window, and driver.quit() to close all windows and end the session.

Switching windows is important to interact with popups or tabs opened by your test actions.

Summary

Switching windows lets your test control new browser tabs or popups.

Use getWindowHandle() and getWindowHandles() to manage windows.

Always switch back to the main window after finishing work in a new window.

Practice

1. What does the getWindowHandle() method return in Selenium WebDriver?

easy

A. The unique ID of the current browser window or tab

B. A list of all open browser windows or tabs

C. The title of the current browser window

D. The URL of the current page

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand getWindowHandle() purpose

   This method returns a unique string ID representing the current window or tab the driver is controlling.

2. Step 2: Differentiate from getWindowHandles()

   Unlike getWindowHandles(), which returns all window IDs, getWindowHandle() returns only the current one.

3. Final Answer:

   The unique ID of the current browser window or tab -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   getWindowHandle() = current window ID [OK]

Hint: Remember: singular handle = current window only [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing getWindowHandle() with getWindowHandles()
• Thinking it returns window title or URL
• Assuming it returns multiple windows

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to switch to a new window using its handle in Selenium Java?

easy

A. driver.switchToWindowHandle(windowHandle);

B. driver.switchToWindow(windowHandle);

C. driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);

D. driver.switch.window(windowHandle);

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall correct switch syntax

   The correct method chain is driver.switchTo().window(handle) to switch focus to a window by its handle.

2. Step 2: Identify incorrect options

   Options A, B, and C use invalid method names or chaining not supported by Selenium WebDriver API.

3. Final Answer:

   driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle); -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Use switchTo().window() to switch windows [OK]

Hint: Use driver.switchTo().window(handle) always [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using incorrect method names like switchToWindow()
• Missing the switchTo() part before window()
• Trying to call window() directly on driver

3. Consider the following code snippet:

String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
for (String window : allWindows) {
    if (!window.equals(mainWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(window);
        driver.close();
    }
}
driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);
System.out.println(driver.getTitle());

What will this code do?

medium

A. Close all windows including the main one and throw an error

B. Close all windows except the main one and print the main window's title

C. Close only the main window and print the last window's title

D. Switch to the last window and print its title without closing any window

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze window handles and loop

   The code saves the main window handle, loops through all windows, and closes any window not equal to mainWindow.

2. Step 2: Switch back and print title

   After closing other windows, it switches back to mainWindow and prints its title.

3. Final Answer:

   Close all windows except the main one and print the main window's title -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Close others, keep main, print main title [OK]

Hint: Close non-main windows, then switch back [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Closing main window inside the loop
• Not switching back to main window before printing title
• Assuming all windows are closed

4. Identify the error in this Selenium Java code snippet for switching to a new window:

Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();
for (String win : windows) {
    if (win != driver.getWindowHandle()) {
        driver.switchTo().window(win);
        break;
    }
}

medium

A. Using '!=' to compare strings instead of .equals()

B. Missing driver.quit() after switching windows

C. Not closing the previous window before switching

D. Using getWindowHandles() instead of getWindowHandle()

Solution

1. Step 1: Check string comparison method

   In Java, strings must be compared with .equals(), not '!=' which compares references.

2. Step 2: Identify impact of wrong comparison

   Using '!=' may cause the condition to fail unexpectedly, so the switch may not happen correctly.

3. Final Answer:

   Using '!=' to compare strings instead of .equals() -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Use .equals() for string comparison [OK]

Hint: Always use .equals() to compare strings in Java [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using '==' or '!=' for string comparison
• Forgetting to break after switching
• Confusing getWindowHandle() and getWindowHandles()

5. You have a test that opens multiple tabs. You want to switch to the tab with title "Dashboard" and perform actions there. Which approach correctly switches to that window?

hard

A. Close all windows except the first, then assume it is "Dashboard"

B. Use driver.switchTo().window("Dashboard"); directly with the title

C. Call driver.getWindowHandle() repeatedly until title is "Dashboard"

D. Iterate all window handles, switch to each, check title, break when title matches "Dashboard"

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand window switching by handle

   You cannot switch windows by title directly; you must switch by handle and then check the title.

2. Step 2: Iterate handles and check titles

   Loop through all window handles, switch to each, check if title equals "Dashboard", then break to stay on that window.

3. Final Answer:

   Iterate all window handles, switch to each, check title, break when title matches "Dashboard" -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Switch by handle, check title, then stop [OK]

Hint: Switch windows by handle, verify title, then stop [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Trying to switch using title as window handle
• Not looping through all windows
• Assuming first window is always the target