WATCH for optimistic locking in Redis

Introduction

WATCH helps prevent conflicts when many people try to change the same data at the same time.

When multiple users try to update the same item in a shopping cart.

When several processes try to change a shared counter or value.

When you want to make sure your update is based on the latest data.

When you want to avoid overwriting changes made by others.

When you want to retry an update if the data changed before you saved.

Syntax

Redis

WATCH key1 [key2 ...]
MULTI
  commands
EXEC
UNWATCH

WATCH marks keys to watch for changes before starting a transaction.

If any watched key changes before EXEC, the transaction is aborted.

Examples

Watch 'mykey' for changes, then increment it inside a transaction.

Redis

WATCH mykey
MULTI
INCR mykey
EXEC

Watch the user's balance before decreasing it by 10.

Redis

WATCH user:123:balance
MULTI
DECRBY user:123:balance 10
EXEC

Watch the shopping cart key before adding an item.

Redis

WATCH cart:456
MULTI
HSET cart:456 item "apple"
EXEC

Sample Program

This example watches the 'counter' key. If no one else changes it, it increments the counter by 1.

Redis

WATCH counter
MULTI
INCR counter
EXEC

Important Notes

If the watched key changes before EXEC, EXEC returns null and the transaction does not run.

Use UNWATCH to cancel watching keys if you decide not to run the transaction.

WATCH is useful to avoid lost updates in concurrent environments.

Summary

WATCH helps detect changes to keys before running a transaction.

If watched keys change, the transaction is canceled to avoid conflicts.

Use WATCH with MULTI and EXEC to safely update shared data.

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of the WATCH command in Redis optimistic locking?

easy

A. To monitor keys for changes before executing a transaction

B. To lock keys permanently for exclusive access

C. To delete keys automatically after a timeout

D. To create backups of keys before modification

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the role of WATCH in Redis

   WATCH is used to monitor keys for any changes before a transaction starts.

2. Step 2: Identify what happens if keys change

   If any watched key changes before EXEC, the transaction is canceled to avoid conflicts.

3. Final Answer:

   To monitor keys for changes before executing a transaction -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   WATCH detects key changes before transaction [OK]

Hint: WATCH checks keys before transaction to avoid conflicts [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking WATCH locks keys permanently
• Assuming WATCH deletes keys
• Believing WATCH creates backups

2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of Redis commands to safely update a key counter using optimistic locking?

easy

A. MULTI, WATCH counter, INCR counter, EXEC

B. WATCH counter, MULTI, INCR counter, EXEC

C. WATCH counter, INCR counter, MULTI, EXEC

D. INCR counter, WATCH counter, MULTI, EXEC

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct order for optimistic locking

   You must first WATCH the key to monitor changes, then start MULTI for transaction.

2. Step 2: Confirm command order

   The correct order is WATCH counter, then MULTI, then commands like INCR, finally EXEC.

3. Final Answer:

   WATCH counter, MULTI, INCR counter, EXEC -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   WATCH before MULTI for optimistic locking [OK]

Hint: Always WATCH before MULTI to start transaction safely [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Starting MULTI before WATCH
• Running commands before MULTI
• Not using EXEC at the end

3. Consider this Redis transaction sequence:

WATCH balance
MULTI
INCR balance
EXEC

If another client modifies balance after WATCH but before EXEC, what will be the result of EXEC?

medium

A. EXEC will fail and return null

B. EXEC will succeed and increment balance

C. EXEC will throw a syntax error

D. EXEC will retry automatically

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand WATCH behavior on key change

   If a watched key changes before EXEC, the transaction is aborted to prevent conflicts.

2. Step 2: Identify EXEC result when aborting

   When aborted, EXEC returns null (or nil) indicating the transaction did not run.

3. Final Answer:

   EXEC will fail and return null -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Key changed after WATCH causes EXEC to return null [OK]

Hint: If watched key changes, EXEC returns null, no update done [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming EXEC still increments key
• Expecting syntax error on EXEC
• Thinking EXEC retries automatically

4. You wrote this Redis code:

WATCH stock
MULTI
DECR stock
EXEC

But sometimes the stock count is not decremented even though no errors occur. What is the most likely cause?

medium

A. EXEC command was missing

B. The DECR command syntax is incorrect

C. The stock key was modified by another client after WATCH

D. WATCH does not support DECR command

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze why stock is not decremented

   If another client changes the watched key after WATCH, EXEC aborts the transaction silently.

2. Step 2: Confirm command correctness

   DECR syntax is correct and EXEC is present, so no syntax errors.

3. Final Answer:

   The stock key was modified by another client after WATCH -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Concurrent key change aborts transaction silently [OK]

Hint: Concurrent changes abort EXEC silently, no decrement done [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Blaming DECR syntax
• Forgetting EXEC command
• Thinking WATCH blocks commands

5. You want to safely increment a shared counter only if it is less than 10 using Redis optimistic locking. Which code snippet correctly implements this logic?

hard

A. WATCH counter
if val < 10:
val = GET counter
MULTI
INCR counter
EXEC

B. MULTI
WATCH counter
val = GET counter
if val < 10:
INCR counter
EXEC

C. WATCH counter
MULTI
val = GET counter
if val < 10:
INCR counter
EXEC

D. WATCH counter
val = GET counter
MULTI
if val < 10:
INCR counter
EXEC

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand optimistic locking with conditional logic

   You must WATCH the key, then GET its value before starting MULTI to ensure value is current.

2. Step 2: Confirm correct command order

   WATCH first, then GET value, then MULTI, then conditionally INCR, finally EXEC.

3. Final Answer:

   WATCH counter val = GET counter MULTI if val < 10: INCR counter EXEC -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   GET before MULTI after WATCH ensures correct conditional update [OK]

Hint: GET value after WATCH but before MULTI for safe conditional update [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Starting MULTI before GET
• Getting value after MULTI
• Not watching key before GET