UPPER, LOWER, INITCAP in PostgreSQL - Cheat Sheet & Quick Revision

Recall & Review

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What does the UPPER function do in SQL?

The UPPER function converts all letters in a text string to uppercase letters.

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How does the LOWER function affect a string in SQL?

The LOWER function changes all letters in a text string to lowercase letters.

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Explain what INITCAP does to a string in SQL.

INITCAP capitalizes the first letter of each word in a string and makes all other letters lowercase.

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Write a SQL query to convert the column 'name' to uppercase.

SELECT UPPER(name) FROM table_name;

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What will be the output of INITCAP('hello WORLD')?

The output will be 'Hello World' because INITCAP capitalizes the first letter of each word and makes the rest lowercase.

Which function converts all letters in a string to lowercase in PostgreSQL?

A INITCAP

B UPPER

C LOWER

D TRIM

LOWER converts all letters to lowercase.

What does INITCAP('good MORNING') return?

A 'Good Morning'

B 'good morning'

C 'gOOD mORNING'

D 'GOOD MORNING'

INITCAP capitalizes the first letter of each word and makes the rest lowercase.

Which SQL function would you use to make a string all uppercase?

A UPPER

B INITCAP

C LOWER

D CONCAT

UPPER converts all letters to uppercase.

If you apply LOWER to 'SQL DATABASE', what is the result?

A 'SQL DATABASE'

B 'sQL dATABASE'

C 'Sql Database'

D 'sql database'

LOWER converts all letters to lowercase.

Which function capitalizes only the first letter of each word?

A LOWER

B INITCAP

C UPPER

D LTRIM

INITCAP capitalizes the first letter of each word.

Describe the difference between UPPER, LOWER, and INITCAP functions in SQL.

Think about how each function changes the case of letters in a string.

Write example SQL queries using UPPER, LOWER, and INITCAP on a column named 'city'.

Use the function name followed by the column name in parentheses.