Donut chart variation in Matplotlib - Time & Space Complexity

Time Complexity: Donut chart variation

O(n)

Understanding Time Complexity

We want to understand how the time to draw a donut chart changes as the amount of data grows.

How does adding more slices affect the work matplotlib does?

Scenario Under Consideration

Analyze the time complexity of the following code snippet.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

sizes = [15, 30, 45, 10]
labels = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']

plt.pie(sizes, labels=labels, wedgeprops={'width':0.3})
plt.show()

This code draws a donut chart with 4 slices, each slice sized by the values in sizes.

Identify Repeating Operations

Identify the loops, recursion, array traversals that repeat.

• Primary operation: Drawing each slice of the donut chart.
• How many times: Once for each slice in the sizes list.

How Execution Grows With Input

As the number of slices increases, the work to draw each slice adds up.

Input Size (n)	Approx. Operations
10	10 drawing steps
100	100 drawing steps
1000	1000 drawing steps

Pattern observation: The work grows directly with the number of slices.

Final Time Complexity

Time Complexity: O(n)

This means the time to draw the donut chart grows in a straight line as you add more slices.

Common Mistake

[X] Wrong: "Drawing a donut chart always takes the same time no matter how many slices there are."

[OK] Correct: Each slice requires separate drawing steps, so more slices mean more work.

Interview Connect

Understanding how drawing time grows with data size helps you explain performance in data visualization tasks clearly and confidently.

Self-Check

"What if we added animation to the donut chart? How would that affect the time complexity?"

Practice

1.

What is the main difference between a donut chart and a pie chart in matplotlib?

easy

A. A donut chart has a hole in the center, a pie chart does not.

B. A donut chart uses bars, a pie chart uses slices.

C. A donut chart shows data over time, a pie chart shows categories.

D. A donut chart is 3D, a pie chart is 2D.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand pie chart basics

   A pie chart divides a circle into slices representing parts of a whole.

2. Step 2: Identify donut chart feature

   A donut chart is a pie chart with a hole in the center, making it look like a donut.

3. Final Answer:

   A donut chart has a hole in the center, a pie chart does not. -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Donut chart = pie chart + hole [OK]

Hint: Donut chart = pie chart with center hole [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking donut charts use bars
• Confusing donut charts with 3D charts
• Believing donut charts show time series

2.

Which matplotlib code snippet correctly creates a donut chart with a hole size controlled by wedgeprops?

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
sizes = [30, 40, 30]
plt.pie(sizes, wedgeprops=???)
plt.show()

easy

A. wedgeprops={'height': 0.5}

B. wedgeprops={'radius': 0.5}

C. wedgeprops={'width': 0.5}

D. wedgeprops={'size': 0.5}

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall donut hole control

   The hole size in a donut chart is set by the 'width' key inside wedgeprops.

2. Step 2: Match correct syntax

   Using wedgeprops={'width': 0.5} creates a hole half the radius size.

3. Final Answer:

   wedgeprops={'width': 0.5} -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   wedgeprops width controls hole size [OK]

Hint: Use wedgeprops={'width': value} for donut hole [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using 'radius' instead of 'width'
• Using 'height' or 'size' keys incorrectly
• Omitting wedgeprops entirely

3.

What will be the visual output of this code?

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
sizes = [10, 20, 30]
plt.pie(sizes, wedgeprops={'width': 0.3})
plt.show()

medium

A. A donut chart with a thin ring shape

B. A pie chart with no hole in the center

C. A donut chart with a very large hole

D. A bar chart instead of a pie chart

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze wedgeprops width value

   The width is set to 0.3, meaning the donut hole is 70% of the radius.

2. Step 2: Visualize the chart shape

   This creates a donut chart with a thin ring shape because the hole is large but not full radius.

3. Final Answer:

   A donut chart with a thin ring shape -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   width=0.3 means thin donut ring [OK]

Hint: Smaller width = thinner donut ring [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking width=0.3 means no hole
• Confusing hole size with radius
• Expecting a bar chart output

4.

Identify the error in this donut chart code and select the fix:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
sizes = [25, 35, 40]
plt.pie(sizes, wedgeprops={'width': '0.5'})
plt.show()

medium

A. Add labels parameter

B. Remove wedgeprops entirely

C. Change 'width' to 'radius'

D. Change '0.5' to 0.5 (string to float)

Solution

1. Step 1: Check wedgeprops value type

   The width value is given as a string '0.5', but it must be a number (float).

2. Step 2: Correct the data type

   Changing '0.5' to 0.5 fixes the type error and creates the donut hole properly.

3. Final Answer:

   Change '0.5' to 0.5 (string to float) -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   width must be float, not string [OK]

Hint: Use numbers, not strings, for wedgeprops values [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using string instead of float for width
• Changing width key incorrectly
• Ignoring type errors

5.

You want to create a donut chart showing sales distribution with a hole size that leaves 40% thickness for the slices. Which wedgeprops value should you use?

hard

A. wedgeprops={'width': 0.4}

B. wedgeprops={'width': 0.6}

C. wedgeprops={'width': 0.2}

D. wedgeprops={'width': 1.0}

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand width meaning

   The 'width' value is the thickness of the slices as a fraction of the radius.

2. Step 2: Calculate width for 40% thickness

   For 40% thickness for the slices, set width=0.6 (leaving a hole size of 40%).

3. Final Answer:

   wedgeprops={'width': 0.6} -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   width=0.6 gives 40% slice thickness [OK]

Hint: Width = slice thickness fraction (1 - hole size) [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing width with hole size
• Using width less than hole thickness
• Setting width to 1 (no hole)