Stacked bar charts in Matplotlib

Introduction

Stacked bar charts help us compare parts of different groups all at once. They show how each part adds up to a total.

You want to see how different categories contribute to a total in several groups.

You have data split into parts and want to compare these parts side by side.

You want to show changes in parts across different groups clearly.

You want to compare totals and parts in one simple chart.

Syntax

Matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data for groups and parts
labels = ['Group1', 'Group2', 'Group3']
part1 = [value1, value2, value3]
part2 = [value4, value5, value6]

# Create bars for part1
plt.bar(labels, part1, label='Part 1')

# Create bars for part2 stacked on part1
plt.bar(labels, part2, bottom=part1, label='Part 2')

plt.legend()
plt.show()

The bottom parameter stacks bars on top of previous bars.

Each plt.bar call adds one part of the stack.

Examples

Basic stacked bar chart with two parts.

Matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

labels = ['A', 'B', 'C']
part1 = [3, 5, 2]
part2 = [1, 2, 4]

plt.bar(labels, part1, label='Part 1')
plt.bar(labels, part2, bottom=part1, label='Part 2')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Edge case: first part is zero, so second part bars start from zero.

Matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

labels = ['X', 'Y', 'Z']
part1 = [0, 0, 0]
part2 = [2, 3, 1]

plt.bar(labels, part1, label='Part 1')
plt.bar(labels, part2, bottom=part1, label='Part 2')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Edge case: only one group with two stacked parts.

Matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

labels = ['Only']
part1 = [4]
part2 = [6]

plt.bar(labels, part1, label='Part 1')
plt.bar(labels, part2, bottom=part1, label='Part 2')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Edge case: empty data, no bars shown.

Matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

labels = []
part1 = []
part2 = []

plt.bar(labels, part1, label='Part 1')
plt.bar(labels, part2, bottom=part1, label='Part 2')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Sample Program

This program shows how to create a stacked bar chart with two parts. It prints the data before plotting so you see what is used.

Matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Groups and their parts
labels = ['Apples', 'Bananas', 'Cherries']
part1 = [5, 3, 4]  # Quantity of red fruits
part2 = [2, 4, 1]  # Quantity of green fruits

print('Before plotting:')
print(f'Labels: {labels}')
print(f'Part 1 values: {part1}')
print(f'Part 2 values: {part2}')

# Plot part1 bars
plt.bar(labels, part1, label='Red Fruits', color='red')

# Plot part2 bars stacked on part1
plt.bar(labels, part2, bottom=part1, label='Green Fruits', color='green')

plt.title('Stacked Bar Chart of Fruit Quantities')
plt.xlabel('Fruit Type')
plt.ylabel('Quantity')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Important Notes

Time complexity is O(n) where n is number of groups, because each bar is drawn once.

Space complexity is O(n) for storing data arrays.

Common mistake: forgetting to use bottom causes bars to overlap instead of stack.

Use stacked bars when you want to show parts of a whole and compare totals. Use grouped bars if you want to compare parts side by side without stacking.

Summary

Stacked bar charts show how parts add up to a total for each group.

Use the bottom parameter to stack bars on top of each other.

They help compare both totals and parts across groups in one chart.

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of using a stacked bar chart in data visualization?

easy

A. To create a pie chart with multiple slices

B. To display data points as individual dots on a graph

C. To plot a line connecting data points over time

D. To show how different parts contribute to the total within each group

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the concept of stacked bar charts

   Stacked bar charts combine multiple data parts into one bar to show totals and parts.

2. Step 2: Identify the purpose of stacking

   Stacking helps visualize how each part contributes to the total for each group.

3. Final Answer:

   To show how different parts contribute to the total within each group -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Stacked bars = parts + total [OK]

Hint: Stacked bars add parts vertically to show totals [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing stacked bars with line charts
• Thinking stacked bars show individual points only
• Mixing stacked bars with pie charts

2. Which matplotlib parameter is used to stack bars on top of each other in a bar chart?

easy

A. height

B. bottom

C. width

D. align

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall bar chart parameters

   In matplotlib, height sets bar size, width sets bar thickness, align controls bar alignment.

2. Step 2: Identify stacking parameter

   The bottom parameter sets where the bar starts vertically, allowing stacking on previous bars.

3. Final Answer:

   bottom -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Stack bars use bottom parameter [OK]

Hint: Use bottom to place bars on top of others [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using height to stack bars (it sets bar size)
• Confusing width with stacking
• Using align which only shifts bars horizontally

3. What will be the output of this code snippet?

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

labels = ['A', 'B']
values1 = [3, 5]
values2 = [2, 4]

plt.bar(labels, values1)
plt.bar(labels, values2, bottom=values1)
plt.show()

medium

A. Two bars per label, stacked vertically

B. Error because bottom parameter is incorrect

C. Only one bar per label showing values2

D. Two bars per label, side by side

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze the first bar call

   The first plt.bar draws bars of height 3 and 5 for labels 'A' and 'B'.

2. Step 2: Analyze the second bar call with bottom

   The second plt.bar draws bars of height 2 and 4 stacked on top of the first bars using bottom=values1.

3. Final Answer:

   Two bars per label, stacked vertically -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   bottom stacks bars vertically [OK]

Hint: bottom stacks bars vertically on previous bars [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking bars appear side by side without bottom
• Assuming only one bar per label is drawn
• Believing bottom parameter causes error

4. Identify the error in this code for creating a stacked bar chart:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

labels = ['X', 'Y']
values1 = [4, 6]
values2 = [3, 5]

plt.bar(labels, values1)
plt.bar(labels, values2, bottom=values2)
plt.show()

medium

A. Labels list is missing an element

B. plt.bar cannot be called twice

C. Using bottom=values2 instead of bottom=values1 causes incorrect stacking

D. values1 and values2 must be the same length

Solution

1. Step 1: Check the bottom parameter usage

   The second bar uses bottom=values2, which stacks bars on themselves, not on the first bars.

2. Step 2: Correct stacking requires bottom=values1

   To stack bars correctly, the second bars should start at the height of the first bars, so bottom=values1 is needed.

3. Final Answer:

   Using bottom=values2 instead of bottom=values1 causes incorrect stacking -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   bottom must be previous bar heights [OK]

Hint: Stack bars using bottom=previous bar heights [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Setting bottom to current bar heights instead of previous
• Thinking plt.bar can only be called once
• Ignoring length matching of values

5. You have three categories of sales data for two stores:

store_labels = ['Store1', 'Store2']
sales_A = [10, 15]
sales_B = [5, 7]
sales_C = [3, 4]

How do you create a stacked bar chart showing all three sales categories stacked for each store?

hard

A. Plot sales_A, then sales_B with bottom=sales_A, then sales_C with bottom=sales_A + sales_B

B. Plot sales_A, sales_B, sales_C all with bottom=0

C. Plot sales_A, then sales_B with bottom=sales_A, then sales_C with bottom=sales_B

D. Plot sales_A with bottom=sales_B, sales_B with bottom=sales_C, sales_C with bottom=sales_A

Solution

1. Step 1: Plot the first category normally

   Plot sales_A bars starting at zero (default).

2. Step 2: Stack second category on first

   Plot sales_B bars with bottom=sales_A to stack on top of sales_A.

3. Step 3: Stack third category on sum of first two

   Plot sales_C bars with bottom=[a+b for a,b in zip(sales_A, sales_B)] to stack on top of both.

4. Final Answer:

   Plot sales_A, then sales_B with bottom=sales_A, then sales_C with bottom=sales_A + sales_B -> Option A

5. Quick Check:

   Stack each bar on sum of all below [OK]

Hint: Stack bars using cumulative sums for bottom [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Stacking third category only on second, ignoring first
• Plotting all bars at bottom=0 causing overlap
• Using wrong bottom values causing incorrect stacking