Generic function declaration in Kotlin

Introduction

Generic functions let you write one function that works with many types, so you don't repeat code for each type.

When you want a function to work with different types like Int, String, or custom classes.

When you want to create reusable code that handles many data types safely.

When you want to avoid writing multiple versions of the same function for different types.

Syntax

Kotlin

fun <T> functionName(param: T): T {
    // function body
    return param
}

The before the function name declares a generic type T.

You can use any letter or name instead of T, but T is common for 'Type'.

Examples

A simple generic function that returns whatever you give it.

Kotlin

fun <T> echo(item: T): T {
    return item
}

A generic function that prints any type of item.

Kotlin

fun <T> printItem(item: T) {
    println(item)
}

A generic function that returns the first item from a list or null if empty.

Kotlin

fun <T> firstItem(list: List<T>): T? {
    return list.firstOrNull()
}

Sample Program

This program shows the generic function echo working with Int, String, and Double types.

Kotlin

fun <T> echo(item: T): T {
    return item
}

fun main() {
    println(echo(123))
    println(echo("Hello"))
    println(echo(3.14))
}

Important Notes

Generic functions help keep your code clean and avoid duplication.

You can use multiple generic types like if needed.

Kotlin checks types at compile time to keep your code safe.

Summary

Generic functions let you write one function for many types.

Declare generic types with <T> before the function name.

Use generic functions to make your code reusable and safe.

Practice

1. What is the purpose of declaring a generic function in Kotlin using <T> before the function name?

easy

A. To declare a function that returns a string only

B. To restrict the function to only work with integers

C. To make the function run faster

D. To allow the function to work with any type specified when called

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand generic type declaration

   Declaring <T> before a function name means the function can accept any type as input.

2. Step 2: Purpose of generic functions

   This makes the function reusable for different data types without rewriting it for each type.

3. Final Answer:

   To allow the function to work with any type specified when called -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Generic functions = reusable for any type [OK]

Hint: Generic <T> means any type can be used [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking generic restricts to one type
• Confusing generic with function overloading
• Assuming generic improves speed automatically

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to declare a generic function named printItem that takes a parameter of any type T in Kotlin?

easy

A. fun <T> printItem(item: T) { println(item) }

B. fun printItem<T>(item) { println(item) }

C. fun printItem(T item) { println(item) }

D. fun printItem(item: <T>) { println(item) }

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct generic syntax

   In Kotlin, generic type parameters are declared before the function name using <T>.

2. Step 2: Check parameter declaration

   The parameter must specify its type as T, so item: T is correct.

3. Final Answer:

   fun <T> printItem(item: T) { println(item) } -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Generic syntax = <T> before function name [OK]

Hint: Generic type <T> goes before function name [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Placing <T> after function name
• Not specifying parameter type as T
• Using parentheses incorrectly around <T>

3. What will be the output of the following Kotlin code?

fun <T> identity(value: T): T {
    return value
}

fun main() {
    println(identity(123))
    println(identity("Hello"))
}

medium

A. 123
123

B. 123
Hello

C. Hello
Hello

D. Compilation error

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the generic function behavior

   The function identity returns the same value it receives, regardless of type.

2. Step 2: Trace the calls in main()

   Calling identity(123) returns 123, and identity("Hello") returns "Hello".

3. Final Answer:

   123 Hello -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Generic function returns input value [OK]

Hint: Generic function returns input as is [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Expecting type conversion
• Thinking output repeats first call
• Assuming compilation error due to mixed types

4. Identify the error in this Kotlin generic function declaration:

fun printValue<T>(value: T) {
    println(value)
}

medium

A. Generic type parameter <T> must be declared before the function name

B. Parameter type cannot be generic

C. Function must return a value

D. println cannot print generic types

Solution

1. Step 1: Check generic syntax rules

   In Kotlin, generic type parameters must be declared before the function name, not after.

2. Step 2: Analyze the given code

   The code declares printValue<T>, which is incorrect syntax.

3. Final Answer:

   Generic type parameter <T> must be declared before the function name -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Generic <T> goes before function name [OK]

Hint: Place <T> before function name, not after [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Putting <T> after function name
• Assuming generic parameters go in parentheses
• Thinking generic functions must return a value

5. You want to write a generic function swap that swaps two elements in a mutable list at given indices. Which of the following is the correct Kotlin function declaration and implementation?

hard

A. fun swap<T>(list: MutableList<T>, i: Int, j: Int) {
val temp = list[i]
list[i] = list[j]
list[j] = temp
}

B. fun <T> swap(list: List<T>, i: Int, j: Int) {
val temp = list[i]
list[i] = list[j]
list[j] = temp
}

C. fun <T> swap(list: MutableList<T>, i: Int, j: Int) {
val temp = list[i]
list[i] = list[j]
list[j] = temp
}

D. fun swap(list: MutableList<Any>, i: Int, j: Int) {
val temp = list[i]
list[i] = list[j]
list[j] = temp
}

Solution

1. Step 1: Correct generic syntax and parameter types

   The generic type parameter <T> must be declared before the function name. The list must be mutable to allow swapping.

2. Step 2: Verify implementation correctness

   The function swaps elements at indices i and j using a temporary variable, which is correct.

3. Final Answer:

   fun <T> swap(list: MutableList<T>, i: Int, j: Int) { val temp = list[i]; list[i] = list[j]; list[j] = temp } -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Generic swap needs <T> before name and MutableList<T> [OK]

Hint: Use <T> before function and MutableList<T> for mutability [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Putting <T> after function name
• Using immutable List instead of MutableList
• Using MutableList<Any> losing type safety