Variable hoisting behavior in Javascript - Practice Problems & Coding Challenges

Challenge - 5 Problems

❓ Predict Output

intermediate

Output of var hoisting in function scope

What is the output of this JavaScript code?

Javascript

function test() {
  console.log(x);
  var x = 5;
  console.log(x);
}
test();

A undefined\nundefined

B 5\n5

C ReferenceError: x is not defined

D undefined\n5

💡 Hint

Remember that var declarations are hoisted but not their assignments.

The variable x is hoisted to the top of the function with an initial value of undefined. So the first console.log(x) prints undefined. Then x is assigned 5, so the second console.log(x) prints 5.

❓ Predict Output

intermediate

Output of let hoisting in block scope

What happens when this code runs?

Javascript

console.log(a);
let a = 10;

A 10

B ReferenceError: Cannot access 'a' before initialization

C undefined

D null

💡 Hint

Variables declared with let are hoisted but not initialized immediately.

The variable a is hoisted but is in a temporal dead zone until its declaration is reached. Accessing it before initialization causes a ReferenceError.

❓ Predict Output

advanced

Output of var and function hoisting combined

What is the output of this code snippet?

Javascript

console.log(foo);
var foo = 1;
function foo() {}
console.log(foo);

A [Function: foo]\n1

B 1\n1

C undefined\n1

D ReferenceError: foo is not defined

💡 Hint

Function declarations are hoisted before var declarations.

The function foo is hoisted first, so the first console.log(foo) prints the function. Then the var foo = 1 assignment overwrites foo with 1, so the second console.log(foo) prints 1.

❓ Predict Output

advanced

Output of const hoisting and temporal dead zone

What will this code output or error?

Javascript

console.log(bar);
const bar = 3;

A TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.

B undefined

C ReferenceError: Cannot access 'bar' before initialization

D 3

💡 Hint

Const variables behave like let in hoisting and temporal dead zone.

Like let, const variables are hoisted but not initialized. Accessing them before declaration causes a ReferenceError.

🧠 Conceptual

expert

Why does this code produce 'undefined' instead of error?

Consider this code:

console.log(x);
var x = 7;

Why does it print undefined instead of throwing an error?

A Because var declarations are hoisted and initialized with undefined before code runs

B Because the assignment happens before the console.log

C Because console.log ignores errors for var variables

D Because JavaScript treats undeclared variables as undefined automatically

💡 Hint

Think about what hoisting means for var variables.

Variables declared with var are hoisted to the top of their scope and initialized with undefined. So when console.log(x) runs, x exists but has the value undefined.

Practice

1. What happens to a var variable declaration in JavaScript before code execution?

easy

A. It is not moved and must be declared before use.

B. It causes a syntax error if used before declaration.

C. It is moved to the top and initialized as undefined.

D. It is moved to the top and initialized with its assigned value.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand var hoisting behavior

   JavaScript moves var declarations to the top of their scope and initializes them as undefined.

2. Step 2: Check initialization timing

   The variable is not assigned its value until the code runs the assignment line, so before that it is undefined.

3. Final Answer:

   It is moved to the top and initialized as undefined. -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   var hoisted = undefined [OK]

Hint: Remember: var is hoisted and set to undefined first [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking var is not hoisted
• Assuming var is initialized with assigned value immediately
• Confusing var with let or const hoisting

2. Which of the following is the correct way to declare a variable that is hoisted but causes a ReferenceError if accessed before declaration?

easy

A. var x = 5;

B. let x = 5;

C. function x() {}

D. const x;

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify hoisting behavior of let

   let declarations are hoisted but not initialized, so accessing them before declaration causes a ReferenceError.

2. Step 2: Check other options

   var is hoisted and initialized as undefined, so no ReferenceError; const must be initialized at declaration, so const x; is a syntax error; function declarations are hoisted differently.

3. Final Answer:

   let x = 5; -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   let hoisted but uninitialized causes ReferenceError [OK]

Hint: let and const cause errors if used before declaration [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using const without initialization
• Confusing var and let hoisting
• Thinking function declarations behave like let

3. What is the output of the following code?

console.log(a);
var a = 10;
console.log(a);

medium

A. undefined 10

B. 10 10

C. ReferenceError undefined

D. undefined undefined

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze var hoisting for variable a

   The declaration var a is hoisted and initialized as undefined before any code runs.

2. Step 2: Trace console.log outputs

   The first console.log(a) prints undefined because assignment hasn't happened yet. After a = 10, the second console.log(a) prints 10.

3. Final Answer:

   undefined 10 -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   var hoisted as undefined, then assigned [OK]

Hint: var logs undefined before assignment, then assigned value [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Expecting ReferenceError on first log
• Thinking var is assigned before declaration
• Confusing let/const behavior with var

4. Find the error in the following code and choose the correct fix:

console.log(b);
let b = 20;

medium

A. Change let to var to avoid ReferenceError.

B. Wrap the code in a function to fix hoisting.

C. Initialize b with a value before logging.

D. Move console.log(b) after the declaration.

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify cause of ReferenceError

   let variables are hoisted but not initialized, so accessing b before declaration causes ReferenceError.

2. Step 2: Fix by reordering code

   Moving console.log(b) after let b = 20; ensures b is declared before use, avoiding the error.

3. Final Answer:

   Move console.log(b) after the declaration. -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Access let after declaration to avoid error [OK]

Hint: Use variables only after let/const declaration [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Changing let to var without understanding scope
• Trying to initialize before declaration (syntax error)
• Assuming wrapping in function fixes hoisting

5. Consider this code:

console.log(x);
if (true) {
  var x = 5;
  let y = 10;
  console.log(y);
}
console.log(x);
console.log(y);

What will be the output and why?

hard

A. undefined 10 5 ReferenceError

B. ReferenceError 10 5 ReferenceError

C. undefined 10 5 10

D. undefined ReferenceError 5 ReferenceError

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze var x hoisting and scope

   var x is hoisted to the function or global scope and initialized as undefined. So, first console.log(x) prints undefined. After assignment inside the block, x becomes 5.

2. Step 2: Analyze let y block scope and access

   let y = 10 is block scoped. Inside the block, console.log(y) prints 10. Outside the block, console.log(y) causes ReferenceError because y is not defined there.

3. Step 3: Trace remaining console.logs

   After the block, console.log(x) prints 5. The last console.log(y) throws ReferenceError.

4. Final Answer:

   undefined 10 5 ReferenceError -> Option A

5. Quick Check:

   var hoisted globally, let block scoped [OK]

Hint: var is function/global scoped; let is block scoped [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming let is accessible outside block
• Expecting var to be block scoped
• Confusing initialization timing of var and let