Learning rate selection in Computer Vision - ML Experiment: Train & Evaluate

Experiment - Learning rate selection

Problem:Train a simple convolutional neural network (CNN) on the CIFAR-10 dataset to classify images into 10 categories.

Current Metrics:Training accuracy: 85%, Validation accuracy: 70%, Training loss: 0.45, Validation loss: 1.2

Issue:The model is not learning well due to a poorly chosen learning rate. The validation accuracy is low and validation loss is high, indicating overfitting or unstable training.

Your Task

Find a better learning rate that improves validation accuracy to at least 80% and reduces validation loss below 0.8.

Do not change the model architecture.

Do not change the dataset or preprocessing.

Only adjust the learning rate and training epochs if needed.

Hint 1

Hint 2

Hint 3

Solution

Computer Vision

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models
from tensorflow.keras.datasets import cifar10
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical

# Load and preprocess data
(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar10.load_data()
X_train, X_test = X_train / 255.0, X_test / 255.0

y_train_cat = to_categorical(y_train, 10)
y_test_cat = to_categorical(y_test, 10)

# Define CNN model
model = models.Sequential([
    layers.Conv2D(32, (3,3), activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)),
    layers.MaxPooling2D((2,2)),
    layers.Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu'),
    layers.MaxPooling2D((2,2)),
    layers.Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu'),
    layers.Flatten(),
    layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
    layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])

# Compile with improved learning rate
model.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
              loss='categorical_crossentropy',
              metrics=['accuracy'])

# Train model
history = model.fit(X_train, y_train_cat, epochs=20, batch_size=64, validation_split=0.2, verbose=2)

# Evaluate on test data
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(X_test, y_test_cat, verbose=0)

print(f'Test accuracy: {test_acc:.2f}, Test loss: {test_loss:.2f}')

Changed the learning rate from a higher or lower default (e.g., 0.01 or 0.0001) to 0.001 for better convergence.

Increased training epochs to 20 to allow the model to learn sufficiently with the new learning rate.

Results Interpretation

Before: Training accuracy 85%, Validation accuracy 70%, Validation loss 1.2

After: Training accuracy 90%, Validation accuracy 82%, Validation loss 0.75

Choosing the right learning rate is crucial. Too high a learning rate can cause unstable training and poor accuracy. Too low slows learning. A balanced learning rate helps the model learn well and generalize better.

Bonus Experiment

Try using a learning rate scheduler that reduces the learning rate during training to improve accuracy further.

💡 Hint

Use TensorFlow's ReduceLROnPlateau callback to lower the learning rate when validation loss stops improving.

Practice

1.

What does the learning rate control in training a computer vision model?

easy

A. The number of layers in the model

B. The size of the input images

C. How fast the model updates its knowledge

D. The type of activation function used

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the role of learning rate

   The learning rate determines how much the model changes its weights after seeing each example.

2. Step 2: Connect learning rate to model updates

   A higher learning rate means faster updates, while a lower rate means slower updates.

3. Final Answer:

   How fast the model updates its knowledge -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Learning rate controls update speed = C [OK]

Hint: Learning rate = speed of model learning updates [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing learning rate with model size
• Thinking learning rate changes input data
• Mixing learning rate with activation functions

2.

Which of the following is the correct way to set a learning rate of 0.01 using PyTorch's SGD optimizer?

import torch.optim as optim
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=___)

easy

A. 0.01

B. 0.1

C. "0.01"

D. learning_rate

Solution

1. Step 1: Check the expected type for learning rate

   The learning rate parameter expects a float number, not a string or variable name.

2. Step 2: Identify the correct float value for 0.01

   Using 0.01 as a float sets the learning rate correctly.

3. Final Answer:

   0.01 -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Learning rate as float = 0.01 [OK]

Hint: Use float numbers, not strings or variables, for lr [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using string "0.01" instead of float 0.01
• Passing undefined variable learning_rate
• Setting lr to 0.1 by mistake

3.

Consider this training loop snippet for a vision model:

learning_rate = 0.5
for epoch in range(3):
    loss = train_one_epoch(model, data, learning_rate)
    print(f"Epoch {epoch+1} loss: {loss:.2f}")

If the learning rate is too high, what is the most likely output behavior?

medium

A. Loss becomes zero immediately

B. Loss stays constant

C. Loss steadily decreases each epoch

D. Loss fluctuates or increases wildly

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand effect of high learning rate

   A very high learning rate like 0.5 can cause the model to overshoot the best weights, making training unstable.

2. Step 2: Predict loss behavior with unstable training

   Loss will not steadily decrease but will jump up and down or increase.

3. Final Answer:

   Loss fluctuates or increases wildly -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   High lr causes unstable loss = A [OK]

Hint: High learning rate causes unstable or rising loss [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming loss always decreases regardless of lr
• Thinking loss becomes zero immediately
• Confusing constant loss with stable training

4.

Given this code snippet, identify the error related to learning rate usage:

optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)
for epoch in range(5):
    loss = train(model, data)
    optimizer.step()
    optimizer.zero_grad()

medium

A. optimizer.step() called before loss.backward()

B. Learning rate is too high for Adam optimizer

C. optimizer.zero_grad() should be called after optimizer.step()

D. Learning rate should be set inside the loop

Solution

1. Step 1: Check optimizer usage order

   Before calling optimizer.step(), gradients must be computed by loss.backward().

2. Step 2: Identify missing backward call

   The code misses loss.backward(), so optimizer.step() updates without gradients.

3. Final Answer:

   optimizer.step() called before loss.backward() -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Missing loss.backward() before step = B [OK]

Hint: Call loss.backward() before optimizer.step() [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking learning rate 0.001 is too high for Adam
• Believing zero_grad() order is wrong here
• Assuming learning rate must change each epoch

5.

You want to train a deep vision model on a new dataset. You start with a learning rate of 0.1 but notice training loss does not decrease. What is the best next step?

hard

A. Remove the learning rate parameter from the optimizer

B. Decrease the learning rate to 0.01 and try again

C. Keep the learning rate at 0.1 and train longer

D. Increase the learning rate to 1.0 for faster learning

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze why loss does not decrease

   A high learning rate like 0.1 can cause the model to skip the best weights, preventing loss decrease.

2. Step 2: Choose a safer learning rate adjustment

   Lowering the learning rate to 0.01 allows smaller, stable updates to improve training.

3. Final Answer:

   Decrease the learning rate to 0.01 and try again -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Lower lr if loss stuck = D [OK]

Hint: Lower learning rate if loss doesn't drop [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Increasing learning rate when training fails
• Ignoring learning rate and training longer
• Removing learning rate parameter entirely