0
0

True / False / Not Given RC

Introduction

Reading Comprehension-இல் True / False / Not Given (TFNG) questions என்பது, ஒரு statement passage-ஆல் நேரடியாக ஆதரிக்கப்படுகிறதா, நேரடியாக முரண்படுகிறதா, அல்லது எங்கும் குறிப்பிடப்படவில்லையா என்பதைச் சரிபார்க்கிறது. இந்த pattern SSC, Banking, CAT VARC practice, மற்றும் IELTS போன்ற exams-ல் அதிகமாக test செய்யப்படுகிறது.

இந்த pattern, facts-ஐ மிக கவனமாக verify செய்வதும், assumptions செய்யாமல் இருப்பதும் போன்ற முக்கியமான skills-ஐ வளர்க்க உதவுகிறது - இது competitive exams reading-க்கும் professional analysis-க்கும் அத்தியாவசியம்.

Pattern: True / False / Not Given RC

Pattern

TRUE → Statement passage-உடன் துல்லியமாக match ஆகிறது.
FALSE → Statement passage-க்கு நேரடியாக முரண்படுகிறது.
NOT GIVEN → Passage அந்த statement-ஐ உறுதிப்படுத்தவும் இல்லை, மறுக்கவும் இல்லை.

Step-by-Step Example

Question

Over the last fifteen years, global work culture has undergone a notable transformation, driven by digitalization, demographic shifts, and organizational restructuring. According to the 2023 Global Workforce Adaptability Report, nearly 48% of companies across Asia and Europe shifted to hybrid work arrangements, allowing employees to divide their working hours between home and office. This shift was accelerated following the widespread adoption of cloud-based collaboration tools, which gave organizations the flexibility to maintain productivity without depending on physical office space.

The report notes that younger professionals have embraced hybrid models at significantly higher rates, valuing autonomy, reduced commute time, and the ability to balance personal commitments more effectively. In contrast, mid-level managers expressed concerns regarding reduced supervision and difficulties in maintaining team cohesion. However, researchers found no substantial evidence that hybrid work directly lowered overall organizational performance; in fact, several companies witnessed improved output when employees were allowed to customize their working environment.

Another important trend discussed in the report is the shift in employee learning habits. With rapid technological developments, workers increasingly turn to micro-learning platforms and short certification modules to update their skills. This trend is particularly prevalent in industries experiencing fast-paced innovation, such as data analytics, cybersecurity, and digital marketing. Yet the report clarifies that despite rising demand for online learning, the number of employees completing full-length university degrees has remained relatively stable, countering the belief that formal education is losing relevance.

The report also emphasizes a widening generational divide regarding career expectations. While older employees prioritize job stability, pension benefits, and long-term security, younger groups place greater importance on meaningful work, flexible schedules, and international mobility. Interestingly, although popular commentary often suggests that younger workers prefer changing jobs every one to two years, the report provides no conclusive data supporting this claim. Many still remain with organizations for four to six years, especially when offered growth opportunities and mentorship programs.

In examining future trends, analysts predict that hybrid work will continue expanding globally, especially in knowledge-driven industries. However, they caution that the long-term success of hybrid models depends on clearly defined roles, strong digital infrastructure, and the ability of leaders to cultivate trust within teams. Organizations unable to adapt may struggle with employee retention and rising operational inefficiencies.


Statement: “Younger professionals have shown a strong preference for hybrid work models.”

Solution

  1. Step 1: Supporting information-ஐ locate செய்யுங்கள்

    Passage-ல் “younger professionals have embraced hybrid models at significantly higher rates” என்று கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது.

  2. Step 2: Statement-உடன் ஒப்பிடுங்கள்

    Statement இதே கருத்தைத் துல்லியமாக பிரதிபலிக்கிறது.

  3. Final Answer:

    TRUE

  4. Quick Check:

    “embraced at higher rates” என்ற phrase preference-ஐ உறுதிப்படுத்துகிறது → TRUE. ✔️

Quick Variations

1. PURE factual verification (TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN).

2. Numbers அல்லது percentages-ஐ துல்லியமாக match செய்ய வேண்டிய statements.

3. பல ideas-ஐ கலந்து வரும் statements - ஒரு பகுதி சரி, ஆனால் முழுமையாக NOT GIVEN.

4. Opposite meaning-இல் இருந்து உருவாகும் contradiction-based statements.

Trick to Always Use

  • Step 1 → Statement-ஐ கவனமாக வாசித்து, சிறிய factual units-ஆக பிரியுங்கள்.
  • Step 2 → ஒவ்வொரு unit-ஐயும் passage-உடன் match செய்யுங்கள்.
  • Step 3 → முழுமையாக match → TRUE; தெளிவான opposite → FALSE; இரண்டும் இல்லை → NOT GIVEN.

Summary

Summary

TFNG RC pattern-இல்:

  • TRUE → Passage-உடன் நேரடியாக match ஆகும்.
  • FALSE → Passage-க்கு நேரடி முரண்பாடு.
  • NOT GIVEN → Passage-ல் குறிப்பிடப்படவில்லை அல்லது உறுதி செய்ய முடியாது.
  • Assumptions தவிர்க்கவும் - பதிலை strictly text-இலிருந்தே எடுக்க வேண்டும்.

Practice

(1/5)
1.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Urban households are the primary cause of global freshwater scarcity.”

easy
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Cannot be determined

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify relevant fact

    The passage explicitly states that household consumption is not the biggest contributor.

  2. Step 2: Compare with statement

    The statement claims households are the primary cause → this contradicts the passage.

  3. Final Answer:

    FALSE → Option B

  4. Quick Check:

    Agriculture uses 68% of freshwater → household is not primary. ✔️
Hint: If the passage clearly denies a statement, mark it FALSE.
Common Mistakes: Assuming household consumption is largest because it is visible to the public.
2.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Agriculture is responsible for more than half of global freshwater withdrawals.”

easy
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Insufficient data

Solution

  1. Step 1: Find numerical reference

    The passage states agriculture accounts for 68% of withdrawals.

  2. Step 2: Compare with statement

    68% is indeed more than half.

  3. Final Answer:

    TRUE → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    68% > 50% → TRUE. ✔️
Hint: Numerical statements become TRUE when the numbers match precisely.
Common Mistakes: Misinterpreting percentages or rounding incorrectly.
3.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Transboundary river disputes have resulted in cross-border conflicts.”

easy
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Data ambiguous

Solution

  1. Step 1: Locate the reference to disputes

    The passage states there is no substantial evidence that disputes caused conflicts.

  2. Step 2: Compare

    The statement claims the opposite, making it FALSE.

  3. Final Answer:

    FALSE → Option B

  4. Quick Check:

    Passage explicitly denies conflict → FALSE. ✔️
Hint: When the passage denies something explicitly, the answer is FALSE.
Common Mistakes: Assuming disputes automatically lead to conflicts.
4.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Lower-income nations have already adopted large-scale desalination as their primary water source.”

medium
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Information incomplete

Solution

  1. Step 1: Look for desalination references

    The passage mentions desalination in Israel, Singapore, and Australia - not in lower-income nations.

  2. Step 2: Check if the passage confirms or denies lower-income adoption

    It does neither → NOT GIVEN.

  3. Final Answer:

    NOT GIVEN → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    If the passage neither supports nor contradicts → NOT GIVEN. ✔️
Hint: If the passage is silent about the specific group mentioned, choose NOT GIVEN.
Common Mistakes: Assuming desalination is globally standard.
5.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Future water stress can be reduced if countries coordinate extraction policies and restore wetlands.”

medium
A. FALSE
B. TRUE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Cannot be verified

Solution

  1. Step 1: Locate the future prediction

    The passage states water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies and restoration occur.

  2. Step 2: Compare

    If worsening is avoided by doing these actions, then they help reduce stress → TRUE.

  3. Final Answer:

    TRUE → Option B

  4. Quick Check:

    “Unless they do X…” means “if they do X, positive effect”. ✔️
Hint: Conditional ‘unless’ sentences can be reversed logically.
Common Mistakes: Confusing prediction structure; missing the conditional meaning.

Mock Test

Ready for a challenge?

Take a 10-minute AI-powered test with 10 questions (Easy-Medium-Hard mix) and get instant SWOT analysis of your performance!

10 Questions
5 Minutes