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True / False / Uncertain Type Deduction

Introduction

Reasoning-based questions में अक्सर आपको किसी statement को True, False, या Cannot Be Determined (Uncertain) के रूप में classify करना होता है - सिर्फ दिए गए facts के आधार पर। यह pattern आपकी ability test करता है कि आप facts को जैसा दिया गया है वैसा ही interpret कर सकें - बिना किसी assumption या imagination के।

यह analytical reasoning का एक बेहद fundamental pattern है, जो Data Sufficiency, Critical Reasoning और Logical Deduction जैसे chapters की foundation है।

Pattern: True / False / Uncertain Type Deduction

Pattern

मुख्य बात यह है कि दिए गए facts के अनुसार तय करें कि statement निश्चित रूप से सच है, निश्चित रूप से गलत है, या डेटा पर्याप्त नहीं है।

- True → Statement सीधे दिए गए facts से follow करे।
- False → Statement facts को सीधे contradict करे।
- Uncertain → Facts में information enough नहीं है - न confirm कर सकते, न deny।

Step-by-Step Example

Question

Passage:
“Company के सभी managers के पास कम से कम पाँच साल का experience है। कुछ team leads के पास पाँच साल से कम experience है। Ritu उसी company में manager है।”

Statements:
(1) Ritu के पास कम से कम पाँच साल का experience है।
(2) Ritu team lead भी है।

इनमें से कौन सा True / False / Uncertain है?
(A) Both True
(B) Both False
(C) Statement (1) True, (2) Uncertain
(D) Statement (1) True, (2) False

Solution

  1. Step 1: Statement (1) Analyse करें

    All managers → ≥5 years experience. Ritu manager है ⇒ उसके पास ≥5 years experience है। ✅ True

  2. Step 2: Statement (2) Analyse करें

    Ritu के team lead होने की कोई information नहीं है। Possible है, लेकिन कहा नहीं गया ⇒ ❓ Uncertain

  3. Final Answer:

    Statement (1) True, Statement (2) Uncertain → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    (1) directly follow करता है; (2) के लिए data नहीं है ⇒ True + Uncertain ✅

Quick Variations

1. Individual statements को True/False/Uncertain classify करें।

2. Multiple statements में identify करें कि कौन सा निश्चित रूप से True है।

3. “Cannot be determined” type questions reasoning या data-based sets में common होते हैं।

4. Tables या paragraphs से fact-checking वाले questions।

Trick to Always Use

  • Step 1: Passage ध्यान से पढ़ें - उसे 100% true मानें।
  • Step 2: हर statement को सीधे facts से compare करें।
  • Step 3: अगर support या contradiction नहीं मिलता, तो “Uncertain” mark करें।
  • Step 4: Passage में न कहा गया हो, उसका assumption न लगाएँ।

Summary

Summary

  • “True” वही है जो दिए facts से logically follow करे।
  • “False” वही है जो facts के खिलाफ जाता हो।
  • “Uncertain” तब जब conclusion के लिए information पूरी न हो।
  • Information की कमी और contradiction में confusion न करें।

Example to remember:
“All cats animals हैं। Some animals dogs हैं।” → ‘All cats dogs हैं’ = False; ‘Some animals cats हैं’ = True; ‘Some cats dogs हैं’ = Uncertain.

Practice

(1/5)
1. Passage:<br>“All players in the cricket team are fit. Some players are bowlers. Raj is a bowler in the team.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) Raj is fit.<br>(2) All bowlers are unfit.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) True, (2) False<br>(B) (1) True, (2) Uncertain<br>(C) (1) Uncertain, (2) False<br>(D) Both True
easy
A. (1) True, (2) False
B. (1) True, (2) Uncertain
C. (1) Uncertain, (2) False
D. Both True

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    All players in the team are fit. Raj is a player, so he is fit → ✅ True.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    Statement says all bowlers are unfit - contradicts the given passage where all players (including bowlers) are fit → ❌ False.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) True, (2) False → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    Raj is part of “all players are fit” ⇒ fits logic ✅
Hint: When a universal statement applies to all, it covers every subset automatically.
Common Mistakes: Marking the second statement as Uncertain instead of False.
2. Passage:<br>“Some fruits are sweet. All mangoes are fruits. Some fruits are sour.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) All mangoes are sweet.<br>(2) Some mangoes may be sweet.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) False, (2) True<br>(B) (1) False, (2) Uncertain<br>(C) (1) Uncertain, (2) True<br>(D) (1) True, (2) False
easy
A. (1) False, (2) True
B. (1) False, (2) Uncertain
C. (1) Uncertain, (2) True
D. (1) True, (2) False

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    ‘All mangoes are sweet’ - not stated in passage → ❌ Uncertain.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    ‘Some mangoes may be sweet’ - possible since some fruits (to which mangoes belong) are sweet → ✅ True.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) Uncertain, (2) True → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    Partial truth applies logically to a subset ✅
Hint: ‘Some’ allows possibility, not certainty - check direct inclusion.
Common Mistakes: Assuming all mangoes are sweet without given proof.
3. Passage:<br>“All cars are vehicles. Some vehicles are red. No bike is a car.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) Some vehicles are not bikes.<br>(2) All red vehicles are cars.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) True, (2) Uncertain<br>(B) (1) False, (2) True<br>(C) (1) True, (2) False<br>(D) (1) Uncertain, (2) False
medium
A. (1) True, (2) Uncertain
B. (1) False, (2) True
C. (1) True, (2) False
D. (1) Uncertain, (2) False

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    No bike is a car and all cars are vehicles → Some vehicles (cars) are not bikes → ✅ True.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    ‘All red vehicles are cars’ - not given, as red vehicles could include other types → ❌ False.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) True, (2) False → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    Logical consistency confirmed ✅
Hint: When exclusion exists, look for direct negation-based deductions.
Common Mistakes: Assuming all red vehicles must be cars.
4. Passage:<br>“Every student who studies regularly passes the exam. Some students do not study regularly.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) Some students may fail the exam.<br>(2) All students will pass the exam.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) True, (2) False<br>(B) (1) Uncertain, (2) True<br>(C) (1) False, (2) True<br>(D) (1) True, (2) Uncertain
medium
A. (1) True, (2) False
B. (1) Uncertain, (2) True
C. (1) False, (2) True
D. (1) True, (2) Uncertain

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    Some students do not study regularly; only regular students pass ⇒ those who do not may fail → ✅ True.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    ‘All students will pass’ contradicts passage → ❌ False.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) True, (2) False → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    Condition-based deduction validated ✅
Hint: Look for ‘only if’ triggers; absence breaks certainty.
Common Mistakes: Assuming all students succeed despite exceptions.
5. Passage:<br>“All doctors are educated. Some educated people are researchers. No researcher is a farmer.”<br><br>Statements:<br>(1) All doctors are researchers.<br>(2) Some educated people are not farmers.<br><br>Which of the above statements are True, False, or Uncertain?<br>(A) (1) False, (2) True<br>(B) (1) True, (2) False<br>(C) (1) Uncertain, (2) False<br>(D) (1) True, (2) Uncertain
medium
A. (1) False, (2) True
B. (1) True, (2) False
C. (1) Uncertain, (2) False
D. (1) True, (2) Uncertain

Solution

  1. Step 1: Analyze (1)

    ‘All doctors are researchers’ - not mentioned and conflicts with data → ❌ False.

  2. Step 2: Analyze (2)

    Some educated people are researchers, and no researcher is a farmer → hence those researchers (educated) are not farmers → ✅ True.

  3. Final Answer:

    (1) False, (2) True → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    Subset mapping holds logically ✅
Hint: Map set relations with Venn reasoning to avoid assumption-based errors.
Common Mistakes: Inferring indirect relation between doctors and researchers.

Mock Test

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