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Effect of Change in Origin and Scale

Introduction

Data analysis में अक्सर values को किसी constant को जोड़कर या multiply करके बदला जाता है - जैसे Celsius से Fahrenheit में temperature convert करना या marks को किसी दूसरे scale में बदलना। Effect of Change in Origin and Scale pattern यह समझने में मदद करता है कि ऐसे बदलाव mean और standard deviation (SD) को कैसे प्रभावित करते हैं।

यह concept बहुत important है क्योंकि कई real-life datasets अलग units में या अलग reference points के साथ दिए जाते हैं, और इन effects को समझकर ही आप data को सही तरीके से compare कर पाते हैं।

Pattern: Effect of Change in Origin and Scale

Pattern

मुख्य concept: किसी constant को जोड़ने/घटाने से data shift होता है पर spread नहीं बदलता, जबकि किसी constant से multiply/divide करने से spread proportional बदल जाता है।

मान लें original data = x, और नया data = y = a + b × x
तब,
New Mean = a + b × (Old Mean)
New Standard Deviation (SD) = |b| × (Old SD)

Step-by-Step Example

Question

50 students के marks का mean और SD क्रमशः 40 और 10 हैं। हर student का mark पहले 5 बढ़ाया जाता है और फिर 2 से multiply किया जाता है। New mean और new SD निकालें।

Solution

  1. Step 1: Given values पहचानें

    Old Mean = 40, Old SD = 10
    Added constant (a) = 5, Multiplied constant (b) = 2

  2. Step 2: Transformation formula apply करें

    New data: y = a + b × x

  3. Step 3: New mean निकालें

    New Mean = a + b × (Old Mean)
    = 5 + 2 × 40
    = 5 + 80 = 85

  4. Step 4: New standard deviation निकालें

    New SD = |b| × (Old SD)
    = 2 × 10 = 20

  5. Final Answer:

    New Mean = 85, New SD = 20

  6. Quick Check:

    याद रखें: Only multiplication SD को बदलता है; addition सिर्फ mean को बदलता है। ✅

Quick Variations

1. किसी constant को जोड़ना/घटाना → Mean बदलता है, SD वही रहता है।

2. किसी constant से multiply/divide करना → Mean और SD दोनों उसी factor से बदलते हैं।

3. यह concept unit conversions जैसे °C ↔ °F, cm ↔ m, marks scaling में बहुत useful है।

Trick to Always Use

  • Step 1: Constant add/subtract → सिर्फ mean change होगा।
  • Step 2: Constant multiply/divide → mean और SD दोनों change होंगे।
  • Step 3: SD को हमेशा scale factor के absolute value से multiply करें।

Summary

Summary

In the Effect of Change in Origin and Scale pattern:

  • Constant add/subtract (change in origin) → सिर्फ mean change।
  • Constant multiply/divide (change in scale) → mean और SD दोनों change।
  • Formula:
    New Mean = a + b × (Old Mean)
    New SD = |b| × (Old SD)
  • Conversions और scaled data transformation में बहुत useful।
  • याद रखें: SD addition/subtraction से नहीं बदलता।

Practice

(1/5)
1. The mean and SD of 40 students’ marks are 60 and 8 respectively. If 5 marks are added to each student’s score, find the new mean and new SD.
easy
A. Mean=65, SD=8
B. Mean=55, SD=8
C. Mean=65, SD=13
D. Mean=65, SD=10

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify given values

    Old Mean = 60, Old SD = 8; added constant a = 5.
  2. Step 2: Apply origin rule

    Adding a constant increases the mean by that constant; SD remains unchanged.
  3. Step 3: Compute new mean and SD

    New Mean = 60 + 5 = 65; New SD = 8.
  4. Final Answer:

    Mean = 65, SD = 8 → Option A.
  5. Quick Check:

    Addition shifts mean only; SD stays same ✅
Hint: Addition/subtraction affects only the mean, not SD.
Common Mistakes: Incorrectly scaling the SD when a constant is added.
2. The mean temperature of a city is 25°C with SD 4°C. Convert the data to Fahrenheit (F = 32 + 1.8×C). Find the new SD.
easy
A. 32.7
B. 7.2
C. 45.5
D. 4.89

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify constants

    Conversion: F = 32 + 1.8 × C → a = 32 (origin), b = 1.8 (scale).
  2. Step 2: Apply scale rule

    SD scales by |b| only (addition does not affect SD).
  3. Step 3: Compute new SD

    New SD = |1.8| × 4 = 7.2.
  4. Final Answer:

    New SD = 7.2 → Option B.
  5. Quick Check:

    Multiplying temperatures by 1.8 increases SD by 1.8× ✅
Hint: Only the multiplier changes SD; ignore additive constants for SD.
Common Mistakes: Adding the constant 32 to SD or forgetting the multiplier.
3. A dataset has Mean = 50 and SD = 5. If all values are multiplied by 3, find the new mean and SD.
easy
A. Mean=150, SD=5
B. Mean=53, SD=8
C. Mean=150, SD=15
D. Mean=50, SD=15

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify transformation

    Multiplication by 3 → a = 0, b = 3.
  2. Step 2: Apply scale rules

    New Mean = a + b × Old Mean = 0 + 3 × 50 = 150.
    New SD = |b| × Old SD = 3 × 5 = 15.
  3. Final Answer:

    Mean = 150, SD = 15 → Option C.
  4. Quick Check:

    Both mean and SD scale by factor 3 ✅
Hint: Multiplying data by k multiplies mean and SD by |k|.
Common Mistakes: Failing to scale both mean and SD when data are multiplied.
4. The mean and SD of salaries are ₹20,000 and ₹2,000 respectively. If all salaries are reduced by ₹1,000 and then doubled, find the new mean and SD.
medium
A. Mean=₹42,000, SD=₹4,000
B. Mean=₹39,000, SD=₹3,000
C. Mean=₹37,000, SD=₹2,000
D. Mean=₹38,000, SD=₹4,000

Solution

  1. Step 1: Write transformation

    y = 2 × (x - 1000) = 2x - 2000, so a = -2000, b = 2.
  2. Step 2: Apply formulas

    New Mean = a + b × Old Mean = -2000 + 2 × 20000 = -2000 + 40000 = ₹38,000.
    New SD = |b| × Old SD = 2 × 2000 = ₹4,000.
  3. Final Answer:

    Mean = ₹38,000, SD = ₹4,000 → Option D.
  4. Quick Check:

    Subtract shifts mean down by 1000, doubling scales mean and SD by 2 ✅
Hint: Combine subtraction and scaling into y = a + b×x before applying rules.
Common Mistakes: Ignoring the subtract-before-scale order when forming a and b.
5. A dataset has Mean = 40 and SD = 5. If every value is first increased by 10 and then divided by 5, find the new mean and SD.
medium
A. Mean=10, SD=1
B. Mean=12, SD=1
C. Mean=11, SD=1
D. Mean=9, SD=1

Solution

  1. Step 1: Write transformation

    y = (x + 10) ÷ 5 = (1/5)×x + 2, so a = 2 and b = 1/5 = 0.2.
  2. Step 2: Apply formulas

    New Mean = a + b × Old Mean = 2 + 0.2 × 40 = 2 + 8 = 10.
    New SD = |b| × Old SD = 0.2 × 5 = 1.
  3. Final Answer:

    Mean = 10, SD = 1 → Option A.
  4. Quick Check:

    Addition shifts mean by +10 then division scales values by 1/5; SD scales to 1 ✅
Hint: Handle addition first to get a, then apply division to determine b for SD.
Common Mistakes: Reversing the order of operations when computing a and b.

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