0
0

True / False / Not Given RC

Introduction

In Reading Comprehension, True / False / Not Given (TFNG) questions check whether a statement is directly supported, directly contradicted, or not addressed at all by the passage. This pattern is heavily tested in exams like SSC, Banking, CAT VARC practice, and IELTS.

This pattern trains your ability to verify facts carefully and avoid assumptions - a core skill for both competitive exam reading and professional analysis.

Pattern: True / False / Not Given RC

Pattern

TRUE → The statement matches the passage accurately.
FALSE → The statement contradicts the passage.
NOT GIVEN → The passage does not confirm or deny the statement.

Step-by-Step Example

Question

Over the last fifteen years, global work culture has undergone a notable transformation, driven by digitalization, demographic shifts, and organizational restructuring. According to the 2023 Global Workforce Adaptability Report, nearly 48% of companies across Asia and Europe shifted to hybrid work arrangements, allowing employees to divide their working hours between home and office. This shift was accelerated following the widespread adoption of cloud-based collaboration tools, which gave organizations the flexibility to maintain productivity without depending on physical office space.

The report notes that younger professionals have embraced hybrid models at significantly higher rates, valuing autonomy, reduced commute time, and the ability to balance personal commitments more effectively. In contrast, mid-level managers expressed concerns regarding reduced supervision and difficulties in maintaining team cohesion. However, researchers found no substantial evidence that hybrid work directly lowered overall organizational performance; in fact, several companies witnessed improved output when employees were allowed to customize their working environment.

Another important trend discussed in the report is the shift in employee learning habits. With rapid technological developments, workers increasingly turn to micro-learning platforms and short certification modules to update their skills. This trend is particularly prevalent in industries experiencing fast-paced innovation, such as data analytics, cybersecurity, and digital marketing. Yet the report clarifies that despite rising demand for online learning, the number of employees completing full-length university degrees has remained relatively stable, countering the belief that formal education is losing relevance.

The report also emphasizes a widening generational divide regarding career expectations. While older employees prioritize job stability, pension benefits, and long-term security, younger groups place greater importance on meaningful work, flexible schedules, and international mobility. Interestingly, although popular commentary often suggests that younger workers prefer changing jobs every one to two years, the report provides no conclusive data supporting this claim. Many still remain with organizations for four to six years, especially when offered growth opportunities and mentorship programs.

In examining future trends, analysts predict that hybrid work will continue expanding globally, especially in knowledge-driven industries. However, they caution that the long-term success of hybrid models depends on clearly defined roles, strong digital infrastructure, and the ability of leaders to cultivate trust within teams. Organizations unable to adapt may struggle with employee retention and rising operational inefficiencies.


Statement: “Younger professionals have shown a strong preference for hybrid work models.”

Solution

  1. Step 1: Locate supporting information

    The passage states that “younger professionals have embraced hybrid models at significantly higher rates.”

  2. Step 2: Compare with the statement

    The statement matches this idea exactly.

  3. Final Answer:

    TRUE

  4. Quick Check:

    Phrase “embraced at higher rates” confirms preference → TRUE. ✔️

Quick Variations

1. PURE factual verification (TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN).

2. Statements requiring exact match of numbers or percentages.

3. Statements blending multiple ideas - partly correct but overall NOT GIVEN.

4. Contradiction-based statements derived from opposite meanings.

Trick to Always Use

  • Step 1 → Read statement carefully; break it into small factual units.
  • Step 2 → Match each unit with the passage.
  • Step 3 → Confirm: Fully match → TRUE; Clear opposite → FALSE; Neither → NOT GIVEN.

Summary

Summary

In the TFNG RC pattern:

  • TRUE → Directly matches passage.
  • FALSE → Direct contradiction.
  • NOT GIVEN → Not mentioned or cannot be confirmed.
  • Avoid assumptions - answer strictly from the text.

Practice

(1/5)
1.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Urban households are the primary cause of global freshwater scarcity.”

easy
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Cannot be determined

Solution

  1. Step 1: Identify relevant fact

    The passage explicitly states that household consumption is not the biggest contributor.

  2. Step 2: Compare with statement

    The statement claims households are the primary cause → this contradicts the passage.

  3. Final Answer:

    FALSE → Option B

  4. Quick Check:

    Agriculture uses 68% of freshwater → household is not primary. ✔️
Hint: If the passage clearly denies a statement, mark it FALSE.
Common Mistakes: Assuming household consumption is largest because it is visible to the public.
2.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Agriculture is responsible for more than half of global freshwater withdrawals.”

easy
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Insufficient data

Solution

  1. Step 1: Find numerical reference

    The passage states agriculture accounts for 68% of withdrawals.

  2. Step 2: Compare with statement

    68% is indeed more than half.

  3. Final Answer:

    TRUE → Option A

  4. Quick Check:

    68% > 50% → TRUE. ✔️
Hint: Numerical statements become TRUE when the numbers match precisely.
Common Mistakes: Misinterpreting percentages or rounding incorrectly.
3.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Transboundary river disputes have resulted in cross-border conflicts.”

easy
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Data ambiguous

Solution

  1. Step 1: Locate the reference to disputes

    The passage states there is no substantial evidence that disputes caused conflicts.

  2. Step 2: Compare

    The statement claims the opposite, making it FALSE.

  3. Final Answer:

    FALSE → Option B

  4. Quick Check:

    Passage explicitly denies conflict → FALSE. ✔️
Hint: When the passage denies something explicitly, the answer is FALSE.
Common Mistakes: Assuming disputes automatically lead to conflicts.
4.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Lower-income nations have already adopted large-scale desalination as their primary water source.”

medium
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Information incomplete

Solution

  1. Step 1: Look for desalination references

    The passage mentions desalination in Israel, Singapore, and Australia - not in lower-income nations.

  2. Step 2: Check if the passage confirms or denies lower-income adoption

    It does neither → NOT GIVEN.

  3. Final Answer:

    NOT GIVEN → Option C

  4. Quick Check:

    If the passage neither supports nor contradicts → NOT GIVEN. ✔️
Hint: If the passage is silent about the specific group mentioned, choose NOT GIVEN.
Common Mistakes: Assuming desalination is globally standard.
5.

Over the past two decades, global freshwater availability has undergone significant stress due to climate variability, population growth, and unsustainable extraction practices. According to the 2023 International Water Stability Report, nearly 29% of the world’s major river basins experienced reduced annual flow levels compared to historical norms. Scientists attribute this trend primarily to prolonged drought cycles and shrinking glacial reserves in mountain-fed river systems. The report warns that if current global temperatures continue to rise, many semi-arid regions may face acute water shortages within the next decade.<br><br>Urban expansion has also contributed heavily to freshwater strain. As cities grow, natural wetlands - which once absorbed excess rainfall and replenished groundwater - are being replaced by concrete structures and industrial zones. This shift has not only reduced the natural recharge rate of aquifers but has also increased surface runoff, leading to more frequent urban flooding. Despite popular belief, the report clarifies that household water consumption is not the biggest contributor to water scarcity; rather, agriculture accounts for nearly 68% of global freshwater withdrawals.<br><br>The report also highlights the rising concern over transboundary rivers, where water-sharing disputes have intensified between neighbouring nations. These disagreements often emerge during periods of low rainfall, especially when upstream regions divert more water for irrigation or hydropower. However, the report finds no substantial evidence that these disputes have directly led to cross-border conflicts. Instead, international cooperation mechanisms have largely prevented major escalations.<br><br>Technological interventions offer some optimism. Countries such as Israel, Singapore, and Australia have significantly improved water resilience through large-scale desalination plants, advanced wastewater recycling, and AI-enabled leak detection systems. However, analysts caution that while these technologies can complement natural water sources, they are energy-intensive and may be financially inaccessible for lower-income nations.<br><br>Looking ahead, the report predicts that global water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies are implemented to regulate groundwater extraction, restore wetlands, modernize irrigation techniques, and expand climate-adaptive infrastructure. Researchers emphasize that sustainable water management must combine scientific innovation with long-term ecological planning.

<br>

Statement: “Future water stress can be reduced if countries coordinate extraction policies and restore wetlands.”

medium
A. FALSE
B. TRUE
C. NOT GIVEN
D. Cannot be verified

Solution

  1. Step 1: Locate the future prediction

    The passage states water stress will worsen unless coordinated policies and restoration occur.

  2. Step 2: Compare

    If worsening is avoided by doing these actions, then they help reduce stress → TRUE.

  3. Final Answer:

    TRUE → Option B

  4. Quick Check:

    “Unless they do X…” means “if they do X, positive effect”. ✔️
Hint: Conditional ‘unless’ sentences can be reversed logically.
Common Mistakes: Confusing prediction structure; missing the conditional meaning.

Mock Test

Ready for a challenge?

Take a 10-minute AI-powered test with 10 questions (Easy-Medium-Hard mix) and get instant SWOT analysis of your performance!

10 Questions
5 Minutes