Trend charts and historical data in SCADA systems - Mini Project: Build & Apply

Trend Charts and Historical Data in SCADA Systems

📖 Scenario: You work as a SCADA system operator. You need to collect sensor readings over time and display them as trend charts. This helps you see how values change and spot problems early.

🎯 Goal: Build a simple program that stores sensor readings in a dictionary, sets a time window for data collection, filters readings within that window, and prints the filtered data for trend charting.

📋 What You'll Learn

Create a dictionary with sensor names as keys and lists of (timestamp, value) tuples as values.

Add a variable to set the time window (in minutes) for filtering recent data.

Write code to filter sensor readings to only include those within the time window from the latest timestamp.

Print the filtered sensor data showing timestamps and values.

💡 Why This Matters

🌍 Real World

SCADA operators monitor sensor data trends to detect equipment issues early and maintain safe operations.

💼 Career

Understanding how to manage and filter historical sensor data is key for roles in industrial automation and control systems.

1

Create sensor data dictionary

Create a dictionary called sensor_data with these exact entries: 'Temperature' with readings [(1, 22.5), (2, 23.0), (3, 23.5)], and 'Pressure' with readings [(1, 101.3), (2, 101.5), (3, 101.7)]. Each reading is a tuple of (timestamp, value).

SCADA systems

# Create the sensor_data dictionary with exact entries
# Your code here

Hint

Use a dictionary with keys 'Temperature' and 'Pressure'. Each key has a list of tuples with timestamps and values.

2

Set time window for filtering

Add a variable called time_window and set it to 2 to represent the last 2 time units for filtering sensor data.

SCADA systems

sensor_data = {
    'Temperature': [(1, 22.5), (2, 23.0), (3, 23.5)],
    'Pressure': [(1, 101.3), (2, 101.5), (3, 101.7)]
}
# Set the time_window variable to 2
# Your code here

Hint

Just create a variable named time_window and assign it the value 2.

3

Filter sensor data by time window

Create a new dictionary called filtered_data. For each sensor in sensor_data, include only readings where the timestamp is greater than the latest timestamp minus time_window. Use for sensor, readings in sensor_data.items() to loop.

SCADA systems

sensor_data = {
    'Temperature': [(1, 22.5), (2, 23.0), (3, 23.5)],
    'Pressure': [(1, 101.3), (2, 101.5), (3, 101.7)]
}
time_window = 2
# Create filtered_data dictionary with readings in the time window
# Your code here

Hint

Use a dictionary comprehension or a loop to filter readings by timestamp compared to latest_time minus time_window.

4

Print filtered sensor data

Write a print(filtered_data) statement to display the filtered sensor readings.

SCADA systems

sensor_data = {
    'Temperature': [(1, 22.5), (2, 23.0), (3, 23.5)],
    'Pressure': [(1, 101.3), (2, 101.5), (3, 101.7)]
}
time_window = 2
filtered_data = {}
for sensor, readings in sensor_data.items():
    latest_time = max(t for t, v in readings)
    filtered_data[sensor] = [(t, v) for t, v in readings if t > latest_time - time_window]
# Print the filtered_data dictionary
# Your code here

Hint

Use print(filtered_data) to show the filtered readings.

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of a trend chart in SCADA systems?

easy

A. To show how data changes over time

B. To control devices remotely

C. To store user login information

D. To display static images

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the function of trend charts

   Trend charts are designed to visualize data points collected over time, showing how values change.

2. Step 2: Compare options to the purpose

   Only To show how data changes over time describes showing data changes over time, which matches the purpose of trend charts.

3. Final Answer:

   To show how data changes over time -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Trend charts = show data changes over time [OK]

Hint: Trend charts always show data over time [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing trend charts with control functions
• Thinking trend charts store data instead of displaying it
• Assuming trend charts show static information

2. Which of the following is the correct way to set a time range for a trend chart in a SCADA system configuration?

easy

A. timeRange = '24hrs ago to now'

B. timerange = 24hours

C. time-range = last24hours

D. time_range = 'last 24 hours'

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct syntax for setting time range

   In SCADA configurations, parameters are usually set with clear variable names and string values in quotes.

2. Step 2: Evaluate each option's syntax

   time_range = 'last 24 hours' uses a clear variable name with an equals sign and a quoted string, which is standard syntax. Others have missing quotes or invalid variable names.

3. Final Answer:

   time_range = 'last 24 hours' -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Correct syntax uses variable = 'string' [OK]

Hint: Use clear variable names and quotes for strings [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Omitting quotes around string values
• Using invalid variable names or hyphens
• Combining words without spaces or quotes

3. Given this snippet of SCADA trend chart setup code:

data_source = 'sensor1'
time_range = 'last 1 hour'
refresh_rate = 60  # seconds
chart.display()

What will happen when this code runs?

medium

A. The chart shows sensor1 data for the last hour and updates every 60 seconds

B. The chart shows sensor1 data for the last hour but does not update

C. The chart shows all data from sensor1 without time limit

D. The code will cause an error due to missing parameters

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze the parameters set

   data_source is set to 'sensor1', time_range limits data to last 1 hour, refresh_rate is 60 seconds meaning the chart updates every minute.

2. Step 2: Understand chart.display() behavior

   Calling chart.display() will show the chart with the given data and refresh settings.

3. Final Answer:

   The chart shows sensor1 data for the last hour and updates every 60 seconds -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Data source + time range + refresh rate = live updating chart [OK]

Hint: Refresh rate controls how often chart updates [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming chart does not update without explicit refresh call
• Ignoring time_range limits
• Thinking missing parameters cause errors here

4. You wrote this configuration for a trend chart:

data_source = sensor1
time_range = last 24 hours
refresh_rate = '60'

Why does the chart fail to display data?

medium

A. Data source name must be uppercase

B. Refresh rate should be a string, not a number

C. Missing quotes around sensor1 and last 24 hours cause syntax errors

D. Time range cannot be more than 12 hours

Solution

1. Step 1: Check syntax for string values

   In configuration, string values like sensor names and time ranges must be in quotes to be valid.

2. Step 2: Identify errors in given code

   data_source = sensor1 and time_range = last 24 hours lack quotes, causing syntax errors. refresh_rate as string is acceptable.

3. Final Answer:

   Missing quotes around sensor1 and last 24 hours cause syntax errors -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Strings need quotes in config [OK]

Hint: Always quote string values in configs [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using unquoted strings causing syntax errors
• Confusing data types for refresh rate
• Assuming data source case matters

5. You want to create a trend chart that shows historical data from two sensors over the last 12 hours, updating every 5 minutes. Which configuration is correct?

hard

A. data_source = 'sensor1, sensor2'
time_range = '12h'
refresh_rate = '5min'

B. data_sources = ['sensor1', 'sensor2']
time_range = 'last 12 hours'
refresh_rate = 300

C. data_sources = 'sensor1; sensor2'
time_range = last 12 hours
refresh_rate = 5

D. data_source = ['sensor1', 'sensor2']
time_range = 'last 12 hours'
refresh_rate = 300

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct variable for multiple sensors

   Using data_sources as a list with sensor names in quotes is correct for multiple inputs.

2. Step 2: Check time range and refresh rate formats

   time_range as 'last 12 hours' is clear and refresh_rate as 300 seconds (5 minutes) is correct numeric value.

3. Step 3: Evaluate other options for errors

   data_source = 'sensor1, sensor2' time_range = '12h' refresh_rate = '5min' uses a single string with comma, which may not parse correctly. data_sources = 'sensor1; sensor2' time_range = last 12 hours refresh_rate = 5 lacks quotes and uses wrong separators. data_source = ['sensor1', 'sensor2'] time_range = 'last 12 hours' refresh_rate = 300 uses singular data_source with list, which is inconsistent.

4. Final Answer:

   data_sources = ['sensor1', 'sensor2'] time_range = 'last 12 hours' refresh_rate = 300 -> Option B

5. Quick Check:

   List for multiple sources + correct time + numeric refresh [OK]

Hint: Use list for multiple sensors and numeric seconds for refresh [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using single string for multiple sensors
• Omitting quotes around strings
• Using wrong units for refresh rate