Finishing strategies (contour, scallop) in CNC Programming

Introduction

Finishing strategies help make the final surface smooth and accurate after rough cutting. They remove small amounts of material to get the perfect shape.

After rough cutting a part to clean up the edges and surfaces.

When you need a smooth finish on curved or complex shapes.

To improve the surface quality before painting or coating.

When tight tolerances are required on the final part.

To remove tool marks left by previous machining steps.

Syntax

CNC Programming

FINISHING_STRATEGY(strategy_type, parameters)

# strategy_type: 'contour' or 'scallop'
# parameters: dictionary with keys like 'stepover', 'feedrate', 'depth_of_cut'

Contour follows the outline of the part to clean edges.

Scallop moves in a pattern to smooth curved surfaces.

Examples

This sets a contour finishing pass with a small stepover and shallow cut for smooth edges.

CNC Programming

FINISHING_STRATEGY('contour', {'stepover': 0.1, 'feedrate': 100, 'depth_of_cut': 0.05})

This uses a scallop finishing pass to smooth curved surfaces with fine detail.

CNC Programming

FINISHING_STRATEGY('scallop', {'stepover': 0.05, 'feedrate': 80, 'depth_of_cut': 0.02})

Sample Program

This script simulates running two finishing strategies: contour and scallop. It prints the parameters used and confirms completion.

CNC Programming

# Simple CNC finishing strategy example

def FINISHING_STRATEGY(strategy_type, parameters):
    print(f"Starting {strategy_type} finishing with parameters:")
    for key, value in parameters.items():
        print(f"  {key}: {value}")
    print(f"{strategy_type.capitalize()} finishing completed.\n")

# Run contour finishing
FINISHING_STRATEGY('contour', {'stepover': 0.1, 'feedrate': 100, 'depth_of_cut': 0.05})

# Run scallop finishing
FINISHING_STRATEGY('scallop', {'stepover': 0.05, 'feedrate': 80, 'depth_of_cut': 0.02})

Important Notes

Always choose smaller stepover values for smoother finishes but expect longer machining time.

Feedrate should be adjusted based on material and tool to avoid damage.

Depth of cut in finishing is usually very shallow to avoid removing too much material.

Summary

Finishing strategies improve surface quality after rough machining.

Contour finishing cleans edges by following the part outline.

Scallop finishing smooths curved surfaces with a special tool path.

Practice

1. Which finishing strategy is best suited for cleaning the edges of a part by following its outline?

easy

A. Scallop finishing

B. Pocket milling

C. Contour finishing

D. Drilling

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the purpose of contour finishing

   Contour finishing follows the outline of a part to clean and smooth its edges.

2. Step 2: Compare with other strategies

   Scallop finishing smooths curved surfaces, pocket milling removes material inside an area, and drilling creates holes.

3. Final Answer:

   Contour finishing -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Edge cleaning = Contour finishing [OK]

Hint: Edges cleaned by following outline means contour finishing [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing scallop finishing with contour finishing
• Choosing pocket milling for edge finishing
• Thinking drilling is a finishing strategy

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to select scallop finishing in a CNC program snippet?

easy

A. FINISH STRATEGY = CONTOUR

B. FINISH STRATEGY = SCALLOP

C. FINISH = SCALLOP

D. STRATEGY = SCALLOP_FINISH

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify the correct keyword and value

   The standard syntax uses 'FINISH STRATEGY = SCALLOP' to select scallop finishing.

2. Step 2: Check other options for syntax errors

   Options B, C, and D use incorrect keywords or incomplete values.

3. Final Answer:

   FINISH STRATEGY = SCALLOP -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Correct syntax = FINISH STRATEGY = SCALLOP [OK]

Hint: Look for exact keyword 'FINISH STRATEGY = SCALLOP' [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using incomplete or wrong keywords
• Mixing contour and scallop keywords
• Missing equal sign or wrong casing

3. Given this CNC code snippet for scallop finishing:

TOOLPATH FINISH SCALLOP
  STEP_OVER = 0.5
  CUT_DEPTH = 0.2
END_TOOLPATH

What is the main effect of reducing the STEP_OVER value?

medium

A. Increase surface smoothness by making tool passes closer

B. Decrease machining time by skipping passes

C. Increase cut depth per pass

D. Change tool diameter automatically

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand STEP_OVER in scallop finishing

   STEP_OVER controls the distance between tool passes; smaller values mean closer passes.

2. Step 2: Effect of reducing STEP_OVER

   Closer passes improve surface smoothness but increase machining time.

3. Final Answer:

   Increase surface smoothness by making tool passes closer -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Smaller STEP_OVER = smoother surface [OK]

Hint: Smaller step over means closer passes and smoother finish [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking smaller step over reduces machining time
• Confusing step over with cut depth
• Assuming tool diameter changes automatically

4. Identify the error in this contour finishing CNC code snippet:

TOOLPATH FINISH CONTOUR
  STEP_OVER = 1.0
  CUT_DEPTH = -0.1
END_TOOLPATH

medium

A. Missing tool diameter specification

B. STEP_OVER value is too large for contour finishing

C. FINISH keyword should be SCALLOP, not CONTOUR

D. CUT_DEPTH should be positive, not negative

Solution

1. Step 1: Check CUT_DEPTH value

   CUT_DEPTH represents how deep the tool cuts; it should be positive to indicate depth.

2. Step 2: Analyze other parameters

   STEP_OVER can be 1.0 if suitable, tool diameter is optional here, and CONTOUR is correct for contour finishing.

3. Final Answer:

   CUT_DEPTH should be positive, not negative -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Negative CUT_DEPTH is invalid [OK]

Hint: Cut depth must be positive number in finishing [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Ignoring negative cut depth as error
• Assuming STEP_OVER is always too large
• Confusing contour and scallop keywords

5. You want to finish a complex curved surface with minimal scallop marks and efficient machining time. Which combination of finishing strategy and parameter adjustment is best?

hard

A. Use scallop finishing with a small STEP_OVER value

B. Use contour finishing with a large STEP_OVER value

C. Use scallop finishing with a large CUT_DEPTH value

D. Use contour finishing with a small CUT_DEPTH value

Solution

1. Step 1: Choose finishing strategy for curved surfaces

   Scallop finishing is designed to smooth curved surfaces effectively.

2. Step 2: Adjust parameters for minimal scallop marks and efficiency

   A small STEP_OVER reduces scallop marks by making passes closer, balancing smoothness and machining time.

3. Final Answer:

   Use scallop finishing with a small STEP_OVER value -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Curved surface + small STEP_OVER = smooth finish [OK]

Hint: Small step over + scallop finishing smooths curves best [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Choosing contour finishing for curved surfaces
• Using large STEP_OVER causing rough finish
• Increasing CUT_DEPTH unnecessarily