Union vs intersection mental model in Typescript

Introduction

Union and intersection types help you combine different types in TypeScript. They let you describe values that can be one type or another (union) or must have all types together (intersection).

When a value can be one of several types, like a string or a number.

When you want to combine properties from multiple types into one object.

When you want to accept different shapes of data but handle them safely.

When you want to create flexible functions that work with multiple types.

When you want to enforce that a value has all features from multiple types.

Syntax

Typescript

type UnionType = TypeA | TypeB;
type IntersectionType = TypeA & TypeB;

The | symbol means 'or' (union).

The & symbol means 'and' (intersection).

Examples

This means a value can be a string or a number.

Typescript

type StringOrNumber = string | number;

This means a value must have both a name and an age.

Typescript

type Person = { name: string } & { age: number };

Union allows either type, intersection requires both types combined.

Typescript

type A = { a: string };
type B = { b: number };
type C = A | B; // union
// C can be either { a: string } or { b: number }

type D = A & B; // intersection
// D must have both { a: string } and { b: number }

Sample Program

This example shows how union lets you accept either a cat or a dog, while intersection requires both cat and dog features.

Typescript

type Cat = { meow: () => void };
type Dog = { bark: () => void };

// Union: can be Cat or Dog
function speak(pet: Cat | Dog) {
  if ('meow' in pet) {
    pet.meow();
  } else {
    pet.bark();
  }
}

// Intersection: must be both Cat and Dog
function speakBoth(pet: Cat & Dog) {
  pet.meow();
  pet.bark();
}

const cat: Cat = { meow: () => console.log('Meow!') };
const dog: Dog = { bark: () => console.log('Bark!') };
const catDog: Cat & Dog = {
  meow: () => console.log('Meow!'),
  bark: () => console.log('Bark!')
};

speak(cat);      // Meow!
speak(dog);      // Bark!
speakBoth(catDog); // Meow!
Bark!

Important Notes

Union types let you work with values that can be different types, but you often need to check which one it is before using it.

Intersection types combine multiple types into one, so the value must have all properties from each type.

Think of union as a choice between types, and intersection as a combination of types.

Summary

Union (|) means a value can be one type or another.

Intersection (&) means a value must have all combined types.

Use union for flexible inputs, intersection for combining features.

Practice

1. Which statement best describes a union type in TypeScript?

easy

A. A value must have all combined types, like string & number.

B. A value can be one type or another, like string | number.

C. It restricts a value to only one specific type.

D. It creates a new type by excluding some properties.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand union type meaning

   A union type means a value can be one of several types, for example, string | number means the value can be either a string or a number.

2. Step 2: Compare with intersection type

   An intersection type requires a value to have all combined types, which is different from union. So a value can be one type or another, like string | number, correctly describes union.

3. Final Answer:

   A value can be one type or another, like string | number. -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Union = one of multiple types [OK]

Hint: Union means one type OR another, intersection means ALL types [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing union with intersection
• Thinking union requires all types simultaneously
• Mixing up syntax symbols | and &

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax for an intersection type combining A and B?

easy

A. type C = A | B;

B. type C = A, B;

C. type C = A + B;

D. type C = A & B;

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall intersection syntax

   Intersection types use the ampersand & symbol to combine types, meaning the value must satisfy both types.

2. Step 2: Identify correct syntax

   type C = A & B; uses A & B, which is the correct syntax for intersection types in TypeScript.

3. Final Answer:

   type C = A & B; -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Intersection uses & symbol [OK]

Hint: Intersection uses & symbol, union uses | symbol [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using | instead of & for intersection
• Using invalid operators like + or comma
• Confusing type alias syntax

3. What is the type of variable value after this assignment?

type A = { name: string };
type B = { age: number };

let value: A | B = { name: "Alice", age: 30 };

medium

A. Error: value must be either A or B, not both.

B. Valid: value must have only name property.

C. Valid: value has both name and age properties.

D. Error: value must have only age property.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand union type assignment

   The variable value is declared as A | B, meaning it can be either type A or type B.

2. Step 2: Check assigned object

   The assigned object has both name and age properties, which does not strictly satisfy either A or B alone, so it is not valid as a union type.

3. Final Answer:

   Error: value must be either A or B, not both. -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Union requires value to match one type exactly [OK]

Hint: Union requires value to match one type exactly [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking union allows objects with all properties combined
• Confusing union with intersection requirements
• Assuming extra properties are allowed in union

4. Identify the error in this TypeScript code:

type A = { name: string };
type B = { age: number };

let person: A & B = { name: "Bob" };

medium

A. Syntax error in type declaration.

B. Incorrect use of union instead of intersection.

C. Missing property age in the object assigned to person.

D. Extra property name not allowed.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand intersection type requirements

   An intersection type A & B requires the value to have all properties from both types A and B.

2. Step 2: Check assigned object properties

   The object assigned has only name property but is missing age, so it does not satisfy the intersection type.

3. Final Answer:

   Missing property age in the object assigned to person. -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Intersection requires all properties present [OK]

Hint: Intersection needs all properties present [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking intersection allows partial properties
• Confusing union and intersection requirements
• Ignoring missing properties error

5. Given these types:

type Name = { name: string };
type Age = { age: number };
type Contact = { email: string };

// Which type correctly represents a value that must have a name and either age or email?

// Choose the correct type for Person:

hard

A. type Person = Name & (Age | Contact);

B. type Person = (Name & Age) | Contact;

C. type Person = Name | Age & Contact;

D. type Person = Name & Age & Contact;

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze requirement

   The value must have a name property and either an age or email property.

2. Step 2: Translate to types

   This means the type must be Name AND (either Age OR Contact), which is Name & (Age | Contact).

3. Step 3: Check options

   type Person = Name & (Age | Contact); matches this exactly. Other options either change the logic or require all three properties.

4. Final Answer:

   type Person = Name & (Age | Contact); -> Option A

5. Quick Check:

   Name AND (Age OR Contact) = Name & (Age | Contact) [OK]

Hint: Use parentheses to combine union and intersection correctly [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Ignoring parentheses changing logic
• Mixing order of union and intersection
• Choosing all properties instead of either/or