Predicate methods (ending with ?) in Ruby

Introduction

Predicate methods help you check if something is true or false in a simple way. They make your code easier to read and understand.

When you want to check if a number is even or odd.

When you want to see if a string is empty.

When you want to find out if an object is nil (nothing).

When you want to check if a file exists.

When you want to test if a condition is true or false before doing something.

Syntax

Ruby

def method_name?
  # return true or false
end

Predicate methods always end with a question mark ?.

They return true or false to answer yes/no questions.

Examples

This method checks if a number is even. It returns true if yes, false if no.

Ruby

def even?(number)
  number % 2 == 0
end

The empty? method checks if a string has no characters.

Ruby

"hello".empty? # returns false
"".empty?      # returns true

The nil? method checks if an object is nil (nothing).

Ruby

object.nil? # returns true if object is nil

Sample Program

This program defines a predicate method positive? that checks if a number is greater than zero. It prints true or false based on the input.

Ruby

def positive?(number)
  number > 0
end

puts positive?(5)   # true
puts positive?(-3)  # false
puts positive?(0)   # false

Important Notes

Predicate methods should never change the object they check; they only answer yes/no questions.

Use predicate methods to make your code more readable and expressive.

Summary

Predicate methods end with a ? and return true or false.

They help check conditions clearly and simply.

Use them to ask yes/no questions about data or objects.

Practice

1. What does a predicate method in Ruby always return?

easy

A. A string value

B. A boolean value (true or false)

C. An integer value

D. An array

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand predicate method purpose

   Predicate methods in Ruby are designed to answer yes/no questions about an object or data.

2. Step 2: Identify return type of predicate methods

   They always return true or false, which are boolean values.

3. Final Answer:

   A boolean value (true or false) -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Predicate methods return true/false [OK]

Hint: Predicate methods always answer yes/no questions [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking predicate methods return strings or numbers
• Confusing predicate methods with regular methods
• Ignoring the question mark at the end

2. Which of the following is the correct way to define a predicate method in Ruby?

easy

A. def valid?; true; end

B. def valid; true; end

C. def valid!; true; end

D. def valid: true; end

Solution

1. Step 1: Recognize predicate method naming

   Predicate methods must end with a question mark (?).

2. Step 2: Check method syntax

   def valid?; true; end defines a method named valid? correctly with def and end keywords.

3. Final Answer:

   def valid?; true; end -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Method name ends with ? and syntax is correct [OK]

Hint: Predicate methods end with ? and use def ... end [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Omitting the question mark in method name
• Using invalid method name characters like ! or :
• Incorrect method definition syntax

3. What will be the output of this Ruby code?

def empty_string?(str)
  str.empty?
end

puts empty_string?("")
puts empty_string?("hello")

medium

A. false\ntrue

B. true\ntrue

C. true\nfalse

D. false\nfalse

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the method behavior

   The method empty_string? calls str.empty? which returns true if str is an empty string.

2. Step 2: Evaluate the calls

   empty_string?("") returns true because "" is empty; empty_string?("hello") returns false because "hello" is not empty.

3. Final Answer:

   true\nfalse -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Empty string check returns true, non-empty returns false [OK]

Hint: empty? returns true only for empty strings [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming non-empty strings return true
• Confusing empty? with nil? method
• Ignoring the question mark in method names

4. Identify the error in this Ruby code:

def positive?(num)
  if num > 0
    true
  else
    false
  end
end

puts positive?("5")

medium

A. ArgumentError because "5" is a string, not a number

B. SyntaxError due to missing end

C. No error, outputs true

D. Returns nil instead of true/false

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze method input and comparison

   The method compares num > 0, but "5" is a string, not a number.

2. Step 2: Understand Ruby type comparison

   Comparing string "5" with integer 0 causes an ArgumentError at runtime.

3. Final Answer:

   ArgumentError because "5" is a string, not a number -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Comparing string and integer causes ArgumentError [OK]

Hint: Check input types before numeric comparisons [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Passing strings instead of numbers
• Assuming no error on mixed type comparisons
• Missing end keyword (not the case here)

5. You want to create a predicate method valid_name? that returns true only if a string is not empty and contains only letters. Which implementation is correct?

hard

A. def valid_name?(name)
name.nil? && name.match?(/[a-z]/)
end

B. def valid_name?(name)
name.empty? || name.match?(/\d+/)
end

C. def valid_name?(name)
name.length > 0 && name.include?(' ')
end

D. def valid_name?(name)
!name.empty? && name.match?(/^[a-zA-Z]+$/)
end

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the requirements

   The method must return true only if the string is not empty and contains only letters.

2. Step 2: Evaluate each option

   def valid_name?(name) !name.empty? && name.match?(/^[a-zA-Z]+$/) end checks that name is not empty and matches only letters using regex /^[a-zA-Z]+$/. This meets the requirements.

3. Final Answer:

   def valid_name?(name) !name.empty? && name.match?(/^[a-zA-Z]+$/) end -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Not empty and only letters = valid_name? true [OK]

Hint: Use regex and empty? to validate strings in predicates [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using || instead of && for conditions
• Checking for digits instead of letters
• Ignoring empty string check