Background email delivery in Ruby on Rails - Mini Project: Build & Apply

Background email delivery

📖 Scenario: You are building a simple Rails app that sends welcome emails to new users. To avoid slowing down the app, you want to send these emails in the background.

🎯 Goal: Set up a background job to send welcome emails asynchronously using Rails Active Job and Action Mailer.

📋 What You'll Learn

Create a User model with email attribute

Create a WelcomeMailer with a welcome_email method

Set up a background job to send the welcome email

Trigger the background job when a new user is created

💡 Why This Matters

🌍 Real World

Sending emails in the background is common in web apps to keep the user experience fast and responsive.

💼 Career

Understanding background jobs and mailers is essential for Rails developers working on user notifications and communications.

1

Create User model with email attribute

Create a Rails model called User with a string attribute email.

Ruby on Rails

# Create User model with email attribute
# Your code here

Hint

Use rails generate model User email:string to create the model and migration.

2

Create WelcomeMailer with welcome_email method

Create a mailer class called WelcomeMailer with a method welcome_email(user) that sets @user and calls mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome!').

Ruby on Rails

class User < ApplicationRecord
  # email attribute is a string
end

# Create WelcomeMailer with welcome_email method
# Your code here

Hint

Use rails generate mailer WelcomeMailer to create the mailer.

3

Create background job to send welcome email

Create a job class called WelcomeEmailJob with a perform(user_id) method that finds the user by user_id and calls WelcomeMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_now.

Ruby on Rails

class User < ApplicationRecord
  # email attribute is a string
end

class WelcomeMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def welcome_email(user)
    @user = user
    mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome!')
  end
end

# Create WelcomeEmailJob with perform method
# Your code here

Hint

Use rails generate job WelcomeEmail to create the job.

4

Trigger background job after user creation

Add an after_create callback in the User model that calls WelcomeEmailJob.perform_later(self.id) to send the welcome email in the background.

Ruby on Rails

class User < ApplicationRecord
  # email attribute is a string

  # Add after_create callback to trigger WelcomeEmailJob
  # Your code here
end

class WelcomeMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def welcome_email(user)
    @user = user
    mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome!')
  end
end

class WelcomeEmailJob < ApplicationJob
  queue_as :default

  def perform(user_id)
    user = User.find(user_id)
    WelcomeMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_now
  end
end

Hint

Use after_create :send_welcome_email and define a private method send_welcome_email that calls the job.

Practice

1. What does deliver_later do in Rails email sending?

easy

A. Previews the email without sending it

B. Sends the email immediately and blocks the app until done

C. Schedules the email to be sent at a specific future time

D. Queues the email to be sent in the background without blocking the app

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand deliver_later purpose

   deliver_later queues the email to be sent asynchronously, so the app doesn't wait for the email to finish sending.

2. Step 2: Compare with other options

   deliver_now sends immediately and blocks, scheduling for future time requires extra setup, and previewing doesn't send email.

3. Final Answer:

   Queues the email to be sent in the background without blocking the app -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   deliver_later = background email sending [OK]

Hint: Remember: deliver_later means send email later in background [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing deliver_later with deliver_now
• Thinking deliver_later schedules for a specific time
• Assuming deliver_later previews email

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to send a Rails mailer email in the background?

easy

A. UserMailer.welcome_email.deliver_later(user)

B. UserMailer.welcome_email(user).send_later

C. UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later

D. UserMailer.deliver_later.welcome_email(user)

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall correct method chaining

   In Rails, you call the mailer method first with parameters, then call deliver_later on the result.

2. Step 2: Check each option's syntax

   UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later matches the correct pattern: UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later. Others have incorrect method order or non-existent methods.

3. Final Answer:

   UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Mailer method then deliver_later [OK]

Hint: Call mailer method first, then .deliver_later [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Swapping method order
• Using non-existent methods like send_later
• Passing parameters after deliver_later

3. Given this code snippet in a Rails app with Active Job configured:

class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def welcome_email(user)
    mail(to: user.email, subject: 'Welcome!')
  end
end

UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver_later

What happens when this code runs?

medium

A. The email is queued to be sent by a background job and the app continues immediately

B. The email is sent immediately and the app waits until it finishes

C. The email is not sent because deliver_later requires extra parameters

D. The code raises an error because deliver_later is not defined

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand deliver_later behavior with Active Job

   When Active Job is set up, calling deliver_later queues the email to be sent asynchronously by a background worker.

2. Step 2: Analyze the code snippet

   The mailer method is called correctly, and deliver_later queues the job. The app does not wait for sending to complete.

3. Final Answer:

   The email is queued to be sent by a background job and the app continues immediately -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   deliver_later queues email, no blocking [OK]

Hint: deliver_later queues email, app keeps running [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking deliver_later sends email immediately
• Assuming deliver_later needs extra parameters
• Believing deliver_later is undefined without setup

4. You wrote this code to send an email in the background:

UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later

But emails are not being sent. What is the most likely cause?

medium

A. You forgot to configure a background job adapter like Sidekiq or Async

B. You should use deliver_now instead of deliver_later

C. The mailer method welcome_email is missing the mail call

D. deliver_later requires a block to work

Solution

1. Step 1: Check background job adapter setup

   deliver_later queues jobs but requires a background job adapter (like Sidekiq, Async, or Delayed Job) to process the queue.

2. Step 2: Evaluate other options

   Using deliver_now sends immediately but blocks. Missing mail call causes no email but not related to background delivery. deliver_later does not require a block.

3. Final Answer:

   You forgot to configure a background job adapter like Sidekiq or Async -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Background job adapter needed for deliver_later [OK]

Hint: Check if background job adapter is set up [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using deliver_later without job adapter
• Confusing deliver_now with deliver_later
• Thinking deliver_later needs a block

5. You want to send a welcome email only if the user has a confirmed email address, and send it in the background. Which code snippet correctly applies this logic?

hard

A. UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later unless user.email_confirmed?

B. UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later if user.email_confirmed?

C. if user.email_confirmed?
UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_now
end

D. UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later(user.email_confirmed?)

Solution

1. Step 1: Apply conditional check before sending email

   The email should be sent only if user.email_confirmed? is true, so the condition must guard the delivery call.

2. Step 2: Use deliver_later for background sending

   UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later if user.email_confirmed? correctly uses the condition and calls deliver_later to send asynchronously. if user.email_confirmed? UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_now end sends immediately, not in background. UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later unless user.email_confirmed? sends when email is not confirmed (wrong logic). UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later(user.email_confirmed?) passes a boolean as argument incorrectly.

3. Final Answer:

   UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later if user.email_confirmed? -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Condition then deliver_later for background send [OK]

Hint: Check condition before calling deliver_later [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Sending email immediately instead of background
• Using wrong condition logic
• Passing condition as argument to mailer