Legend control in R Programming

Introduction

A legend helps explain what different colors or symbols mean in a plot. It makes charts easier to understand.

When you have multiple groups or categories shown with different colors or shapes in a plot.

When you want to label lines or points in a graph so viewers know what each one represents.

When you create a bar chart with different colors for each bar group.

When you want to add clarity to a scatter plot with points of different colors.

When you want to customize the legend position or appearance to improve readability.

Syntax

R Programming

legend(x, y = NULL, legend, fill = NULL, col = NULL, pch = NULL, title = NULL, ...)

x and y specify the position of the legend on the plot.

legend is a character vector with labels for the legend.

Examples

Adds a legend at the top right with colored boxes for two groups.

R Programming

legend("topright", legend = c("Group A", "Group B"), fill = c("red", "blue"))

Places a legend at coordinates (1,1) with symbols for cats and dogs.

R Programming

legend(1, 1, legend = c("Cats", "Dogs"), col = c("black", "brown"), pch = c(1, 2))

Sample Program

This program plots two data series with different colors and symbols. The legend explains which color and symbol belong to each series.

R Programming

x <- 1:5

y1 <- c(2, 3, 5, 7, 11)
y2 <- c(1, 4, 6, 8, 10)

plot(x, y1, type = "b", col = "red", pch = 16, ylim = c(0, 12), ylab = "Value", xlab = "X")
lines(x, y2, type = "b", col = "blue", pch = 17)
legend("topright", legend = c("Series 1", "Series 2"), col = c("red", "blue"), pch = c(16, 17), title = "Legend")

Important Notes

You can change the legend position by using keywords like "topright", "bottomleft", or coordinates.

Use pch to set point symbols and col to set colors in the legend.

Adding a title to the legend helps clarify what the legend is about.

Summary

A legend explains colors or symbols in a plot.

Use legend() to add and customize legends in R plots.

Position, labels, colors, and symbols can all be controlled for clarity.

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of the legend() function in R plotting?

easy

A. To explain the meaning of colors or symbols used in the plot

B. To change the plot background color

C. To add titles to the plot axes

D. To save the plot as an image file

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the role of legend in plots

   A legend helps viewers understand what different colors or symbols represent in a plot.

2. Step 2: Identify the function purpose

   The legend() function in R adds this explanatory box to the plot.

3. Final Answer:

   To explain the meaning of colors or symbols used in the plot -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   legend() explains plot symbols/colors [OK]

Hint: Legend explains plot symbols and colors clearly [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing legend() with title() or axis labeling functions
• Thinking legend() changes plot colors
• Assuming legend() saves plots

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to add a legend at the top right corner with labels "A" and "B" in R?

easy

A. legend(topright, labels = c("A", "B"))

B. legend("topright", legend = c("A", "B"))

C. legend(position = "topright", c("A", "B"))

D. legend(c("A", "B"), position = "topright")

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall legend() function syntax

   The first argument is the position as a string, then legend= specifies labels.

2. Step 2: Check each option

   legend("topright", legend = c("A", "B")) uses correct syntax: legend("topright", legend = c("A", "B")). Others misuse argument names or order.

3. Final Answer:

   legend("topright", legend = c("A", "B")) -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Correct legend() syntax = legend("topright", legend = c("A", "B")) [OK]

Hint: First argument is position string, use legend= for labels [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Omitting quotes around position
• Using wrong argument names like labels instead of legend
• Passing labels before position

3. What will be the output of the following R code?

plot(1:3, col = c("red", "green", "blue"), pch = 16)
legend("bottomleft", legend = c("Red", "Green", "Blue"), col = c("red", "green", "blue"), pch = 16)

medium

A. A plot with colored points but legend shows empty boxes

B. A plot with default black points and no legend

C. A plot with three points colored red, green, blue and a legend at bottom left showing these colors with filled circles

D. Syntax error due to missing parameters

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand plot() parameters

   Points 1,2,3 are plotted with colors red, green, blue and filled circle symbol (pch=16).

2. Step 2: Understand legend() parameters

   Legend placed at bottom left with matching labels, colors, and symbols (filled circles).

3. Final Answer:

   A plot with three points colored red, green, blue and a legend at bottom left showing these colors with filled circles -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   plot colors and legend match correctly [OK]

Hint: Legend colors and symbols must match plot points [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming legend uses default black color
• Forgetting to set pch in legend
• Confusing legend position strings

4. Identify the error in this R code snippet that tries to add a legend:

plot(1:5, col = 1:5, pch = 15)
legend("top", labels = c("One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"), col = 1:5, pch = 15)

medium

A. The argument 'labels' should be 'legend' in the legend() function

B. The position 'top' is invalid in legend()

C. The colors 1:5 are not valid color codes

D. pch = 15 is not a valid plotting character

Solution

1. Step 1: Check legend() argument names

   The correct argument for labels is 'legend', not 'labels'. Using 'labels' causes no legend to appear.

2. Step 2: Verify position and other parameters

   Position 'top' is valid, colors 1:5 are valid R colors, pch=15 is a valid filled square symbol.

3. Final Answer:

   The argument 'labels' should be 'legend' in the legend() function -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Use legend=, not labels= in legend() [OK]

Hint: Use legend= for labels inside legend() [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using 'labels' instead of 'legend' argument
• Thinking 'top' is invalid position
• Confusing color codes with integers

5. You want to create a plot with two groups of points: group A in red circles and group B in blue triangles. How do you add a legend that clearly shows these groups with correct symbols and colors?

hard

A. legend("topright", legend = c("Group A", "Group B"), col = c(1, 2), pch = c(16, 17))

B. legend("topright", labels = c("Group A", "Group B"), colors = c("red", "blue"), symbols = c(1, 2))

C. legend("topright", legend = c("Group A", "Group B"), color = c("red", "blue"), pch = c("circle", "triangle"))

D. legend("topright", legend = c("Group A", "Group B"), col = c("red", "blue"), pch = c(1, 2))

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct legend arguments

   Use 'legend' for labels, 'col' for colors, and 'pch' for symbols (numeric codes).

2. Step 2: Match symbols and colors to groups

   Red circles use pch=1, blue triangles use pch=2, colors as "red" and "blue" strings.

3. Step 3: Check options

   legend("topright", legend = c("Group A", "Group B"), col = c("red", "blue"), pch = c(1, 2)) uses correct argument names and values. legend("topright", labels = c("Group A", "Group B"), colors = c("red", "blue"), symbols = c(1, 2)) uses wrong argument names. legend("topright", legend = c("Group A", "Group B"), color = c("red", "blue"), pch = c("circle", "triangle")) uses invalid pch values. legend("topright", legend = c("Group A", "Group B"), col = c(1, 2), pch = c(16, 17)) uses numeric colors 1 and 2 which are black and red, not blue.

4. Final Answer:

   legend("topright", legend = c("Group A", "Group B"), col = c("red", "blue"), pch = c(1, 2)) -> Option D

5. Quick Check:

   Correct legend args and matching colors/symbols [OK]

Hint: Use legend=, col= colors, pch= numeric symbols [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using wrong argument names like labels or colors
• Using string names for pch instead of numbers
• Using numeric colors that don't match intended colors