join functions (left_join, inner_join) in R Programming - Mini Project: Build & Apply

Using join functions (left_join, inner_join) in R

📖 Scenario: You work in a small bookstore. You have two tables: one with book details and another with sales data. You want to combine these tables to see which books sold and their details.

🎯 Goal: Learn how to use left_join and inner_join functions in R to combine two data frames based on a common column.

📋 What You'll Learn

Create two data frames named books and sales with exact data

Create a variable key_column with the column name to join on

Use left_join to join books and sales on key_column

Use inner_join to join books and sales on key_column

Print the results of both joins

💡 Why This Matters

🌍 Real World

Combining data from different sources is common in data analysis, like joining customer info with purchase records.

💼 Career

Knowing how to join tables is essential for data scientists, analysts, and anyone working with databases or data frames.

1

Create the initial data frames

Create a data frame called books with columns book_id and title containing these rows: (1, "The Alchemist"), (2, "1984"), (3, "To Kill a Mockingbird"). Also create a data frame called sales with columns book_id and copies_sold containing these rows: (1, 150), (3, 200), (4, 50).

R Programming

# Create data frames books and sales with given data
# Your code here

Hint

Use data.frame() to create each table with the exact column names and values.

2

Create the join key variable

Create a variable called key_column and set it to the string "book_id" to use as the join column.

R Programming

library(dplyr)

books <- data.frame(
  book_id = c(1, 2, 3),
  title = c("The Alchemist", "1984", "To Kill a Mockingbird")
)

sales <- data.frame(
  book_id = c(1, 3, 4),
  copies_sold = c(150, 200, 50)
)

# Create key_column variable with value "book_id"
# Your code here

Hint

Assign the string "book_id" to the variable key_column.

3

Perform left_join and inner_join

Use left_join to join books and sales on key_column and save the result in left_joined. Then use inner_join to join books and sales on key_column and save the result in inner_joined.

R Programming

library(dplyr)

books <- data.frame(
  book_id = c(1, 2, 3),
  title = c("The Alchemist", "1984", "To Kill a Mockingbird")
)

sales <- data.frame(
  book_id = c(1, 3, 4),
  copies_sold = c(150, 200, 50)
)

key_column <- "book_id"

# Use left_join and inner_join on books and sales using key_column
# Your code here

Hint

Use left_join(books, sales, by = key_column) and assign it to left_joined. Similarly, use inner_join(books, sales, by = key_column) and assign it to inner_joined.

4

Print the joined data frames

Print the left_joined data frame, then print the inner_joined data frame.

R Programming

library(dplyr)

books <- data.frame(
  book_id = c(1, 2, 3),
  title = c("The Alchemist", "1984", "To Kill a Mockingbird")
)

sales <- data.frame(
  book_id = c(1, 3, 4),
  copies_sold = c(150, 200, 50)
)

key_column <- "book_id"

left_joined <- left_join(books, sales, by = key_column)
inner_joined <- inner_join(books, sales, by = key_column)

# Print left_joined and inner_joined
# Your code here

Hint

Use print(left_joined) and print(inner_joined) to show the results.

Practice

1. What does the left_join function do in R's dplyr package?

easy

A. Removes all rows that have any missing values.

B. Keeps only rows that match in both tables.

C. Keeps all rows from the second table and adds matching rows from the first table.

D. Keeps all rows from the first table and adds matching rows from the second table.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the purpose of left_join

   left_join keeps all rows from the first (left) table regardless of matches.

2. Step 2: Understand how matching rows are added

   It adds columns from the second (right) table only where keys match, filling with NA if no match.

3. Final Answer:

   Keeps all rows from the first table and adds matching rows from the second table. -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   left_join = all left rows + matching right rows [OK]

Hint: Remember: left_join keeps all from left, adds matches [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing left_join with inner_join
• Thinking left_join removes unmatched rows
• Mixing up which table is 'left' or 'right'

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to perform an inner join of two data frames df1 and df2 by the column id in R?

easy

A. inner_join(df1, df2, on = "id")

B. innerjoin(df1, df2, on = "id")

C. inner_join(df1, df2, by = "id")

D. innerjoin(df1, df2, by = "id")

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct function name and parameters

   The function is inner_join from dplyr, and it uses by to specify join columns.

2. Step 2: Check parameter names and spelling

   Correct syntax is inner_join(df1, df2, by = "id"). Other options use wrong function names or parameter names.

3. Final Answer:

   inner_join(df1, df2, by = "id") -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   inner_join syntax uses by = "column" [OK]

Hint: Use inner_join() with by = "column" for correct syntax [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using 'on' instead of 'by' for join column
• Misspelling function name as innerjoin
• Confusing parameter order

3. Given these two data frames:

df1 <- data.frame(id = c(1, 2, 3), value1 = c("A", "B", "C"))
df2 <- data.frame(id = c(2, 3, 4), value2 = c("X", "Y", "Z"))

What is the result of inner_join(df1, df2, by = "id")?

medium

A. Rows with ids 2 and 3 with columns from both data frames

B. Rows with ids 1, 2, 3, 4 with all columns

C. Rows with ids 1 and 4 only

D. Rows with ids 1, 2, 3 with only columns from df1

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify matching ids in both data frames

   df1 has ids 1, 2, 3; df2 has ids 2, 3, 4. Common ids are 2 and 3.

2. Step 2: Understand inner_join output

   inner_join keeps only rows with matching ids and combines columns from both data frames for those rows.

3. Final Answer:

   Rows with ids 2 and 3 with columns from both data frames -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   inner_join = only matching rows [OK]

Hint: inner_join keeps only rows with matching keys [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Including unmatched rows in inner_join result
• Confusing inner_join with left_join
• Ignoring columns from second data frame

4. You run this code:

left_join(df1, df2, by = "id")

but get an error: Error: object 'df2' not found. What is the likely cause?

medium

A. The data frame df2 was not created or loaded before the join.

B. The by argument is misspelled.

C. left_join cannot join on column named 'id'.

D. You need to use inner_join instead of left_join.

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze the error message

   The error says df2 is not found, meaning R cannot find the object named df2.

2. Step 2: Identify cause of missing object

   This usually means df2 was not created, loaded, or is misspelled before calling left_join.

3. Final Answer:

   The data frame df2 was not created or loaded before the join. -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Missing data frame causes object not found error [OK]

Hint: Check if all data frames exist before joining [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming join syntax error causes object not found
• Ignoring typo in data frame names
• Thinking join functions require special packages loaded

5. You have two data frames:

students <- data.frame(student_id = c(1, 2, 3, 4), name = c("Anna", "Ben", "Cara", "Dan"))
scores <- data.frame(student_id = c(2, 3, 5), score = c(88, 92, 75))

You want a table that shows all students with their scores if available, and NA if no score exists. Which join function and code should you use?

hard

A. inner_join(students, scores, by = "student_id")

B. left_join(students, scores, by = "student_id")

C. right_join(students, scores, by = "student_id")

D. full_join(students, scores, by = "student_id")

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the goal

   You want all students listed, even if they don't have a score, with scores added where available.

2. Step 2: Choose the correct join

   left_join keeps all rows from the first table (students) and adds matching scores, filling with NA if no match.

3. Final Answer:

   left_join(students, scores, by = "student_id") -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   left_join keeps all left rows, adds matches, fills NA [OK]

Hint: Use left_join to keep all from first table with matches [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using inner_join which drops students without scores
• Using right_join which keeps all scores but drops some students
• Using full_join which adds extra rows not needed