Range types (int4range, daterange) in PostgreSQL

Introduction

Range types let you store a range of values in one column, like a span of numbers or dates. This helps keep data organized and easy to check if something falls inside that range.

You want to store a period of dates for a booking or event.

You need to keep track of a range of numbers, like age groups or score intervals.

You want to check if a value falls inside a certain range quickly.

You want to avoid storing start and end values separately and keep ranges as one unit.

You want to find overlapping or adjacent ranges in your data.

Syntax

PostgreSQL

CREATE TABLE table_name (
  column_name int4range,
  another_column daterange
);

int4range stores ranges of integers.

daterange stores ranges of dates.

Examples

This creates an integer range from 1 up to but not including 5.

PostgreSQL

SELECT int4range(1, 5);

This creates a date range from January 1, 2024, up to but not including January 10, 2024.

PostgreSQL

SELECT daterange('2024-01-01', '2024-01-10');

This finds bookings where the date January 5, 2024, is inside the booking date range.

PostgreSQL

SELECT * FROM bookings WHERE booking_dates @> '2024-01-05'::date;

Sample Program

This example creates an events table with a date range column. It inserts three events with their date ranges. Then it finds events happening on June 4, 2024.

PostgreSQL

CREATE TABLE events (
  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  event_name TEXT,
  event_period daterange
);

INSERT INTO events (event_name, event_period) VALUES
('Conference', daterange('2024-06-01', '2024-06-05')),
('Workshop', daterange('2024-06-04', '2024-06-06')),
('Holiday', daterange('2024-06-10', '2024-06-15'));

-- Find events happening on June 4, 2024
SELECT event_name FROM events WHERE event_period @> '2024-06-04'::date;

Important Notes

Ranges are half-open by default: they include the start value but exclude the end value.

You can use operators like @> to check if a range contains a value.

Range types help simplify queries involving intervals and make data easier to manage.

Summary

Range types store intervals of values in one column.

Use int4range for integer ranges and daterange for date ranges.

They make it easy to check if a value is inside a range and to find overlapping ranges.

Practice

1. What does the PostgreSQL int4range data type store?

easy

A. A range of 4-byte floating point numbers

B. A range of 4-byte integers

C. A range of dates

D. A range of text strings

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the name int4range

   The prefix int4 means 4-byte integer in PostgreSQL.

2. Step 2: Identify the stored data type

   int4range stores a range (interval) of 4-byte integers.

3. Final Answer:

   A range of 4-byte integers -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   int4range = integer range [OK]

Hint: Remember int4 means 4-byte integer range [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing int4range with floating point ranges
• Thinking it stores dates instead of integers
• Assuming it stores text ranges

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to create a table with a column named period of type daterange?

easy

A. CREATE TABLE events (period daterange[]);

B. CREATE TABLE events (period range(daterange));

C. CREATE TABLE events (period daterange);

D. CREATE TABLE events (period date range);

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall correct type declaration

   In PostgreSQL, range types like daterange are used directly as column types.

2. Step 2: Check each option

   CREATE TABLE events (period daterange); uses period daterange which is correct syntax. CREATE TABLE events (period range(daterange)); wrongly uses range(daterange). CREATE TABLE events (period date range); splits the type incorrectly. CREATE TABLE events (period daterange[]); declares an array, not a single range.

3. Final Answer:

   CREATE TABLE events (period daterange); -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Use type name directly for range columns [OK]

Hint: Use range type name directly as column type [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Adding extra parentheses around range type
• Splitting type name into two words
• Using array syntax when not needed

3. Given the table bookings with a daterange column stay, what does this query return?

SELECT * FROM bookings WHERE stay && daterange('2024-06-01', '2024-06-10');

medium

A. Rows where stay starts exactly on June 1, 2024

B. Rows where stay is completely inside June 1 to June 10, 2024

C. Rows where stay ends before June 10, 2024

D. Rows where stay overlaps with June 1 to June 10, 2024

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the operator && for ranges

   The && operator checks if two ranges overlap at all.

2. Step 2: Analyze the query condition

   The query selects rows where the stay range overlaps with the range from June 1 to June 10, 2024.

3. Final Answer:

   Rows where stay overlaps with June 1 to June 10, 2024 -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Range overlap operator && means any overlap [OK]

Hint: && means any overlap between ranges [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking && means fully inside
• Confusing overlap with exact start or end match
• Assuming it filters only before or after dates

4. You wrote this query to find bookings fully inside June 2024:

SELECT * FROM bookings WHERE stay <@ daterange('2024-06-01', '2024-06-30');

But it returns no rows even though some bookings are inside June. What is the likely problem?

medium

A. The daterange upper bound is exclusive by default, so '2024-06-30' is not included

B. The <@ operator checks for overlap, not containment

C. The stay column is not of type daterange

D. The query syntax is invalid and causes an error

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand <@ operator meaning

   <@ means the left range is fully contained inside the right range.

2. Step 2: Check daterange bounds behavior

   By default, daterange upper bound is exclusive, so '2024-06-30' is not included in the range. This excludes bookings on June 30.

3. Final Answer:

   The daterange upper bound is exclusive by default, so '2024-06-30' is not included -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Upper bound exclusive means end date not included [OK]

Hint: Remember daterange upper bound is exclusive by default [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing <@ with overlap operator
• Assuming inclusive upper bound by default
• Ignoring data type mismatch

5. You want to find all integer ranges in a table intervals with column int_range (type int4range) that do NOT overlap with [10, 20). Which query correctly finds these non-overlapping ranges?

hard

A. SELECT * FROM intervals WHERE NOT (int_range && int4range(10, 20));

B. SELECT * FROM intervals WHERE int_range && int4range(10, 20);

C. SELECT * FROM intervals WHERE int_range <@ int4range(10, 20);

D. SELECT * FROM intervals WHERE int_range @> int4range(10, 20);

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the overlap operator &&

   && returns true if ranges overlap.

2. Step 2: Find non-overlapping ranges

   To find ranges that do NOT overlap, negate the overlap condition with NOT (int_range && int4range(10, 20)).

3. Final Answer:

   SELECT * FROM intervals WHERE NOT (int_range && int4range(10, 20)); -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Negate overlap to find non-overlapping ranges [OK]

Hint: Use NOT with && to find non-overlapping ranges [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using && without NOT to find non-overlapping
• Confusing <@ and @> operators
• Using containment instead of overlap