Fetching results (fetch, fetchAll) in PHP

Introduction

Fetching results lets you get data from a database after running a query. It helps you use that data in your PHP program.

You want to show a list of users from a database on a webpage.

You need to get details of one product to display on a product page.

You want to process all rows returned by a database query.

You want to get just one row from a query result quickly.

Syntax

PHP

$stmt = $pdo->query('SELECT * FROM table');
$row = $stmt->fetch();
$allRows = $stmt->fetchAll();

fetch() gets one row at a time from the result.

fetchAll() gets all rows at once as an array.

Examples

This gets the first user name from the users table.

PHP

$stmt = $pdo->query('SELECT name FROM users');
$row = $stmt->fetch();
echo $row['name'];

This gets all user names and prints each on a new line.

PHP

$stmt = $pdo->query('SELECT name FROM users');
$allUsers = $stmt->fetchAll();
foreach ($allUsers as $user) {
    echo $user['name'] . "\n";
}

Sample Program

This program creates a small users table, inserts three names, then fetches the first user with fetch(). Next, it fetches all remaining users with fetchAll() and prints their names.

PHP

<?php
// Connect to SQLite in memory for example
$pdo = new PDO('sqlite::memory:');
// Create a sample table
$pdo->exec("CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)");
// Insert sample data
$pdo->exec("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Alice'), ('Bob'), ('Charlie')");

// Query the table
$stmt = $pdo->query('SELECT * FROM users');

// Fetch one row
$firstUser = $stmt->fetch();
echo "First user: " . $firstUser['name'] . "\n";

// Fetch all remaining rows
$allUsers = $stmt->fetchAll();
echo "All users after first:\n";
foreach ($allUsers as $user) {
    echo $user['name'] . "\n";
}

Important Notes

After calling fetch(), the internal pointer moves forward, so fetchAll() gets the remaining rows.

If you want all rows at once, just use fetchAll() without calling fetch() first.

Always check if the query succeeded before fetching results to avoid errors.

Summary

fetch() gets one row from the query result.

fetchAll() gets all rows as an array.

Use these to get data from your database queries and work with it in PHP.

Practice

1. What does the fetch() method do when used with a PDO statement in PHP?

easy

A. Retrieves one row from the query result

B. Retrieves all rows from the query result

C. Executes the SQL query

D. Closes the database connection

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the purpose of fetch()

   The fetch() method is designed to get a single row from the result set of a database query.

2. Step 2: Compare with other methods

   Unlike fetchAll(), which retrieves all rows, fetch() only returns one row at a time.

3. Final Answer:

   Retrieves one row from the query result -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   fetch() = one row [OK]

Hint: fetch() gets one row, fetchAll() gets all rows [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing fetch() with fetchAll()
• Thinking fetch() executes the query
• Assuming fetch() closes the connection

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to fetch all rows from a PDO statement $stmt in PHP?

easy

A. $rows = $stmt->fetchAll();

B. $rows = $stmt->fetch_all();

C. $rows = fetchAll($stmt);

D. $rows = $stmt->fetch();

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify the correct method name

   The PDOStatement object uses fetchAll() to retrieve all rows as an array.

2. Step 2: Check method call syntax

   The correct syntax is $stmt->fetchAll(); with camelCase and parentheses.

3. Final Answer:

   $rows = $stmt->fetchAll(); -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   fetchAll() method syntax correct [OK]

Hint: Use fetchAll() with parentheses on the statement object [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using fetch_all() instead of fetchAll()
• Calling fetchAll() as a standalone function
• Using fetch() when fetchAll() is needed

3. Given the following PHP code, what will be the output?

$stmt = $pdo->query('SELECT id FROM users LIMIT 2');
$row1 = $stmt->fetch();
$row2 = $stmt->fetch();
$row3 = $stmt->fetch();
var_dump([$row1, $row2, $row3]);

medium

A. [false, false, false]

B. [array with first row, array with second row, array with third row]

C. [array with first row, array with second row, false]

D. Syntax error

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand fetch() behavior on limited rows

   The query returns 2 rows. Each fetch() call returns one row until no rows remain.

2. Step 2: Analyze each fetch() call

   First fetch() returns first row array, second fetch() returns second row array, third fetch() returns false (no more rows).

3. Final Answer:

   [array with first row, array with second row, false] -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   fetch() returns false after last row [OK]

Hint: fetch() returns false when no rows left [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Expecting fetch() to return null instead of false
• Assuming fetch() returns empty array after last row
• Thinking fetch() fetches all rows at once

4. What is wrong with this PHP code snippet?

$stmt = $pdo->query('SELECT name FROM users');
$rows = $stmt->fetch();
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row['name'];
}

medium

A. fetch() returns all rows, so foreach is unnecessary

B. The variable $rows is not defined

C. The query syntax is invalid

D. fetch() returns a single row, so foreach on it causes error

Solution

1. Step 1: Check what fetch() returns

   fetch() returns a single row as an array, not an array of rows.

2. Step 2: Understand foreach usage

   foreach expects an array of rows, but here it loops over columns of one row, causing errors when accessing $row['name'].

3. Final Answer:

   fetch() returns a single row, so foreach on it causes error -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   fetch() = one row, foreach needs multiple rows [OK]

Hint: Use fetchAll() when looping over multiple rows [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using fetch() when fetchAll() is needed for loops
• Assuming fetch() returns all rows
• Not checking data structure before foreach

5. You want to fetch all users from the database but only keep those whose age is greater than 18. Which code snippet correctly uses fetchAll() with a filter in PHP?

hard

A. $adults = $stmt->fetchAll(fn($r) => $r['age'] > 18);

B. $rows = $stmt->fetchAll();
$adults = array_filter($rows, fn($r) => $r['age'] > 18);

C. $adults = $stmt->fetchAll();
foreach ($adults as $r) {
if ($r['age'] <= 18) unset($r);
}

D. $adults = $stmt->fetch();
while ($r['age'] > 18) { $adults[] = $r; }

Solution

1. Step 1: Fetch all rows first

   Use fetchAll() to get all rows as an array.

2. Step 2: Filter rows by age

   Use array_filter() with a callback to keep only rows where age > 18.

3. Final Answer:

   $rows = $stmt->fetchAll(); $adults = array_filter($rows, fn($r) => $r['age'] > 18); -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   fetchAll() + array_filter() = filtered rows [OK]

Hint: fetchAll() then filter with array_filter() for conditions [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Passing a callback directly to fetchAll() (not supported)
• Modifying array inside foreach without reassigning
• Using fetch() when multiple rows needed