Priority scheduling in Operating Systems - Mini Project: Build & Apply

Priority Scheduling

📖 Scenario: You are learning how an operating system decides which program to run first when multiple programs are waiting. This is called priority scheduling. Each program has a priority number. The OS runs the program with the highest priority first.

🎯 Goal: Build a simple priority scheduling example by creating a list of programs with their priorities, then selecting the program with the highest priority to run first.

📋 What You'll Learn

Create a list of programs with their priority numbers

Add a variable to hold the highest priority found

Use a loop to find the program with the highest priority

Select and show the program that should run first based on priority

💡 Why This Matters

🌍 Real World

Operating systems use priority scheduling to decide which program or task to run first, improving performance and user experience.

💼 Career

Understanding priority scheduling is important for roles in system administration, software development, and IT support where managing system resources efficiently is key.

1

Create the list of programs with priorities

Create a list called programs with these exact entries: {'name': 'Email', 'priority': 2}, {'name': 'Browser', 'priority': 3}, {'name': 'Music Player', 'priority': 1}.

Operating Systems

# Create the list of programs with their priorities
# Your code here

Hint

Use a list of dictionaries. Each dictionary has keys 'name' and 'priority'.

2

Add a variable to hold the highest priority

Create a variable called highest_priority and set it to 0 to start tracking the highest priority found.

Operating Systems

programs = [
    {'name': 'Email', 'priority': 2},
    {'name': 'Browser', 'priority': 3},
    {'name': 'Music Player', 'priority': 1}
]
# Create a variable to hold the highest priority
# Your code here

Hint

Start with zero because priorities are positive numbers. This variable will store the highest priority found so far.

3

Find the program with the highest priority

Use a for loop with variable program to go through programs. Inside the loop, if program['priority'] is greater than highest_priority, update highest_priority to program['priority'].

Operating Systems

programs = [
    {'name': 'Email', 'priority': 2},
    {'name': 'Browser', 'priority': 3},
    {'name': 'Music Player', 'priority': 1}
]
highest_priority = 0
# Loop through programs to find the highest priority
# Your code here

Hint

Compare each program's priority to the current highest. Update if you find a bigger number.

4

Select the program to run first

Create a variable called selected_program and set it to the first program in programs whose 'priority' equals highest_priority using a for loop with variable program.

Operating Systems

programs = [
    {'name': 'Email', 'priority': 2},
    {'name': 'Browser', 'priority': 3},
    {'name': 'Music Player', 'priority': 1}
]
highest_priority = 0
for program in programs:
    if program['priority'] > highest_priority:
        highest_priority = program['priority']
# Find and set the selected_program with highest priority
# Your code here

Hint

Stop the loop when you find the first program with the highest priority.

Practice

1. What does priority scheduling in operating systems primarily use to decide which process runs first?

easy

A. The time each process has already run

B. The importance level assigned to each process

C. The size of the process in memory

D. The order in which processes arrive

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand priority scheduling basics

   Priority scheduling chooses processes based on their assigned importance or priority level.

2. Step 2: Compare with other scheduling criteria

   Unlike first-come-first-served or shortest job first, priority scheduling uses priority, not arrival time or size.

3. Final Answer:

   The importance level assigned to each process -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Priority scheduling = importance level [OK]

Hint: Remember: priority means importance, not arrival time [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing priority with arrival order
• Thinking process size affects scheduling
• Assuming time already run decides priority

2. Which of the following is the correct way to describe a preemptive priority scheduling system?

easy

A. A system that ignores priority and runs processes randomly

B. A system where processes run to completion without interruption

C. A system that schedules processes based on their arrival time only

D. A system where a running process can be interrupted if a higher priority process arrives

Solution

1. Step 1: Define preemptive scheduling

   Preemptive scheduling allows interruption of a running process if a more important one arrives.

2. Step 2: Match with priority scheduling

   In priority scheduling, preemptive means higher priority processes can interrupt lower priority ones.

3. Final Answer:

   A system where a running process can be interrupted if a higher priority process arrives -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Preemptive priority = interrupt for higher priority [OK]

Hint: Preemptive means interrupt if higher priority comes [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing preemptive with non-preemptive
• Thinking processes always run to completion
• Ignoring priority in scheduling decisions

3. Consider three processes with priorities: P1=2, P2=1, P3=3 (1 is highest priority). If all arrive at the same time, which order will they be scheduled in a non-preemptive priority scheduling?

medium

A. P3, P1, P2

B. P1, P2, P3

C. P2, P1, P3

D. P1, P3, P2

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify priority order

   Priority 1 is highest, so P2 (priority 1) runs first, then P1 (2), then P3 (3).

2. Step 2: Apply non-preemptive scheduling

   Since all arrive together, processes run fully in priority order without interruption.

3. Final Answer:

   P2, P1, P3 -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Lower number = higher priority, run in that order [OK]

Hint: Lower priority number runs first in non-preemptive [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Mixing priority numbers with arrival order
• Assuming preemption changes order here
• Confusing priority 1 as lowest priority

4. A priority scheduling system is implemented but processes with lower priority sometimes run before higher priority ones. What is the most likely cause?

medium

A. The system is using non-preemptive scheduling and a low priority process started first

B. The priority numbers are assigned incorrectly with higher numbers meaning higher priority

C. The system is ignoring arrival times completely

D. The CPU is idle and no processes are running

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand non-preemptive behavior

   In non-preemptive priority scheduling, once a process starts, it runs to completion even if a higher priority process arrives later.

2. Step 2: Explain why lower priority runs first

   If a low priority process starts first, it will finish before the higher priority process can run.

3. Final Answer:

   The system is using non-preemptive scheduling and a low priority process started first -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Non-preemptive lets running process finish first [OK]

Hint: Non-preemptive means no interruption once started [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming priority numbers are reversed
• Ignoring scheduling type (preemptive vs non-preemptive)
• Thinking arrival time is always ignored

5. You have four processes arriving at different times with priorities: P1(2, arrives at 0s), P2(1, arrives at 1s), P3(3, arrives at 2s), P4(1, arrives at 3s). Using preemptive priority scheduling, which process runs at time 3 seconds?

hard

A. P2

B. P4

C. P1

D. P3

Solution

1. Step 1: Track process arrivals and priorities

   At 0s: P1(2) starts. At 1s: P2(1) arrives and preempts P1 since higher priority (lower number). At 2s: P3(3) arrives, lower priority than P2(1), so P2 continues. At 3s: P4(1) arrives, same priority as running P2.

2. Step 2: Determine which process runs at 3s

   In preemptive priority scheduling, preemption occurs only if a strictly higher priority process arrives. Since P4 has the same priority (1) as P2, P2 is not preempted and continues running at time 3s.

3. Final Answer:

   P2 -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Preempt only for higher priority; same priority continues [OK]

Hint: Preempt only if strictly higher priority [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking same priority causes preemption
• Assuming new arrivals always preempt
• Confusing tie-breaker rules (usually FCFS for same priority)