Bag of Words (CountVectorizer) in NLP

Introduction

Bag of Words helps computers understand text by counting how many times each word appears. It turns words into numbers so machines can learn from text.

You want to find out what words are common in customer reviews.

You need to prepare text data for a spam email detector.

You want to compare documents by their word content.

You are building a simple text classifier like sentiment analysis.

You want to convert text into numbers for machine learning models.

Syntax

NLP

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(list_of_texts)

# To see the words (features):
words = vectorizer.get_feature_names_out()

# To see the counts:
counts = X.toarray()

fit_transform learns the words and counts them in the texts.

get_feature_names_out shows the list of words found.

Examples

This example counts words in two sentences and shows the word list and counts.

NLP

texts = ["I love cats", "Cats are great"]
vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(texts)
print(vectorizer.get_feature_names_out())
print(X.toarray())

Shows how repeated words are counted in each text.

NLP

texts = ["apple apple orange", "banana apple"]
vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(texts)
print(vectorizer.get_feature_names_out())
print(X.toarray())

Sample Model

This program turns four sentences into a matrix of word counts. It prints the words found and the count of each word per sentence.

NLP

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

texts = [
    "I love machine learning",
    "Machine learning is fun",
    "I love coding in Python",
    "Python coding is great"
]

vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(texts)

words = vectorizer.get_feature_names_out()
counts = X.toarray()

print("Words found:", words)
print("Counts matrix:")
for i, text in enumerate(texts):
    print(f"Text {i+1}: '{text}'")
    print(counts[i])

Important Notes

CountVectorizer ignores punctuation and lowercases words by default.

Stop words (common words like 'the', 'is') can be removed by setting stop_words='english'.

The output is a sparse matrix; converting to array shows full counts but can use more memory.

Summary

Bag of Words counts how often each word appears in text.

CountVectorizer turns text into numbers for machine learning.

You can see the words found and their counts per text.

Practice

1. What does the Bag of Words model do in text processing?

easy

A. Counts how often each word appears in the text

B. Translates text into another language

C. Removes all punctuation from the text

D. Generates summaries of the text

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand Bag of Words purpose

   Bag of Words counts the frequency of each word in a text, ignoring order.

2. Step 2: Compare options to definition

   Only Counts how often each word appears in the text matches this description exactly.

3. Final Answer:

   Counts how often each word appears in the text -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Bag of Words = Counts words [OK]

Hint: Bag of Words counts words, not translates or summarizes [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing Bag of Words with translation
• Thinking it removes punctuation only
• Assuming it summarizes text

2. Which of the following is the correct way to import CountVectorizer from scikit-learn in Python?

easy

A. import CountVectorizer from sklearn.feature_extraction

B. from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

C. from sklearn.text import CountVectorizer

D. import CountVectorizer from sklearn.text

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall correct import path

   CountVectorizer is in sklearn.feature_extraction.text module.

2. Step 2: Match options to correct syntax

   Only from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer uses the correct 'from ... import ...' syntax and correct module path.

3. Final Answer:

   from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Correct import path = from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer [OK]

Hint: CountVectorizer is in sklearn.feature_extraction.text [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using wrong module path
• Incorrect import syntax
• Trying to import from sklearn.text

3. What will be the output shape of the matrix after applying CountVectorizer on these two sentences:
['I love cats', 'Cats love me']?

medium

A. (3, 2)

B. (2, 3)

C. (4, 2)

D. (2, 4)

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify unique words

   Words are: 'I', 'love', 'cats', 'me' (case insensitive, 'Cats' and 'cats' same).

2. Step 2: Count sentences and features

   There are 2 sentences and 4 unique words, so matrix shape is (2, 4).

3. Final Answer:

   (2, 4) -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   2 sentences, 4 words = (2, 4) [OK]

Hint: Count unique words and sentences for shape (rows, columns) [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Counting words per sentence instead of unique words
• Mixing rows and columns in shape
• Ignoring case sensitivity

4. The following code throws an error. What is the mistake?

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
texts = ['hello world', 'hello']
vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(texts)
print(X.toarray())
print(vectorizer.get_feature_names())

medium

A. get_feature_names() is deprecated, should use get_feature_names_out()

B. fit_transform() should be fit_transform_text()

C. toarray() is not a method of X

D. CountVectorizer() needs a parameter for language

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify deprecated method

   get_feature_names() is deprecated in recent sklearn versions.

2. Step 2: Use correct method

   Replace get_feature_names() with get_feature_names_out() to fix error.

3. Final Answer:

   get_feature_names() is deprecated, should use get_feature_names_out() -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Use get_feature_names_out() not get_feature_names() [OK]

Hint: Use get_feature_names_out() instead of deprecated get_feature_names() [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking fit_transform() is wrong
• Assuming toarray() is invalid
• Believing CountVectorizer needs language parameter

5. You have a list of sentences with some words repeated many times. How can you use CountVectorizer to ignore words that appear in more than 50% of the sentences?

hard

A. Set min_df=0.5 to ignore frequent words

B. Use stop_words='english' to remove frequent words

C. Set the parameter max_df=0.5 when creating CountVectorizer

D. Set max_features=0.5 to limit word count

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand max_df parameter

   max_df=0.5 tells CountVectorizer to ignore words in more than 50% of documents.

2. Step 2: Compare other options

   min_df controls minimum frequency, stop_words removes common English words, max_features limits number of features, none ignore frequent words by percentage.

3. Final Answer:

   Set the parameter max_df=0.5 when creating CountVectorizer -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   max_df filters frequent words by document frequency [OK]

Hint: Use max_df to exclude very common words [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing max_df with min_df
• Thinking stop_words removes all frequent words
• Using max_features to filter frequency