Monolith vs microservices comparison - Architecture Patterns Compared

System Overview - Monolith vs microservices comparison

This comparison shows two ways to build software systems: a monolith and microservices. A monolith is one big app where all parts live together. Microservices split the app into smaller, independent services. Key needs include scalability, ease of updates, and fault isolation.

Architecture Diagram

Monolith Architecture:

User
  |
Load Balancer
  |
Monolith Application
  |
Database


Microservices Architecture:

User
  |
Load Balancer
  |
API Gateway
  |        |         |
Service A  Service B  Service C
  |          |          |
DB A       DB B       DB C
  |          |          |
Cache A    Cache B    Cache C

Components

User

user

End user interacting with the system

Load Balancer

load_balancer

Distributes incoming requests evenly to backend services

Monolith Application

service

Single large application handling all business logic

Database

database

Stores all application data centrally

API Gateway

api_gateway

Entry point routing requests to appropriate microservices

Service A

service

Handles specific business function A

Service B

service

Handles specific business function B

Service C

service

Handles specific business function C

DB A

database

Stores data for Service A

DB B

database

Stores data for Service B

DB C

database

Stores data for Service C

Cache A

cache

Speeds up data access for Service A

Cache B

cache

Speeds up data access for Service B

Cache C

cache

Speeds up data access for Service C

Request Flow - 16 Hops

User → Load Balancer

Load Balancer → Monolith Application

Monolith Application → Database

Database → Monolith Application

Monolith Application → Load Balancer

Load Balancer → User

User → Load Balancer

Load Balancer → API Gateway

API Gateway → Service A

Service A → Cache A

Cache A → Service A

Service A → DB A

DB A → Service A

Service A → API Gateway

API Gateway → Load Balancer

Load Balancer → User

Failure Scenario

Component Fails:Database

Impact:In monolith, entire app data access fails causing downtime. In microservices, only affected service's data access fails, others continue working.

Mitigation:Use database replication and failover to reduce downtime. Microservices isolate failures to single service, improving resilience.

Architecture Quiz - 3 Questions

In the microservices architecture, what component routes user requests to the correct service?

A Load Balancer

B API Gateway

C Database

D Cache

Design Principle

This comparison shows how microservices improve scalability and fault isolation by splitting a large app into smaller services with dedicated databases and caches, while monoliths keep everything tightly coupled in one app and database.

Practice

1. Which of the following best describes a monolithic architecture?

easy

A. Many small independent services communicating over a network

B. A database optimized for distributed transactions

C. A cloud service that automatically scales resources

D. A single large application where all components are tightly integrated

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand monolithic architecture

   A monolithic architecture means all parts of the application are combined into one single unit.

2. Step 2: Compare with other options

   Many small independent services communicating over a network describes microservices, C cloud scaling, and D databases, not monoliths.

3. Final Answer:

   A single large application where all components are tightly integrated -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Monolith = single big app [OK]

Hint: Monolith = one big app, microservices = many small apps [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing microservices with monolith
• Thinking monolith means cloud scaling
• Mixing database types with architecture

2. Which syntax correctly describes a microservice in a system design diagram?

easy

A. Multiple boxes each labeled with a specific service name

B. A single box labeled 'App' containing all modules

C. A database icon connected to a single app box

D. A cloud icon with no internal components

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify microservice representation

   Microservices are shown as multiple small boxes, each representing a service.

2. Step 2: Eliminate incorrect options

   A single box labeled 'App' containing all modules shows a monolith, C shows database relation, D is too vague.

3. Final Answer:

   Multiple boxes each labeled with a specific service name -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Microservices = many small boxes [OK]

Hint: Microservices = many small boxes, monolith = one big box [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Choosing single box for microservices
• Confusing database icons with services
• Ignoring service labels

3. Given a system with a monolithic app and a microservices app, which scenario shows better scaling for microservices?

medium

A. Scaling the entire monolith when only one feature needs more resources

B. Scaling only the specific microservice that handles the busy feature

C. Scaling the database only in the monolith

D. Scaling the user interface layer in the monolith

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand scaling in monolith vs microservices

   Monolith requires scaling the whole app, microservices allow scaling individual services.

2. Step 2: Identify the efficient scaling method

   Scaling only the busy microservice is more efficient and flexible than scaling the entire monolith.

3. Final Answer:

   Scaling only the specific microservice that handles the busy feature -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Microservices scale individual parts [OK]

Hint: Microservices scale parts; monolith scales whole app [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking monolith scales parts independently
• Confusing database scaling with app scaling
• Ignoring microservice granularity

4. A team tries to split a monolithic app into microservices but faces frequent communication failures. What is the most likely cause?

medium

A. They deployed all microservices on the same server

B. They used a single database for all microservices

C. They did not implement proper API contracts between services

D. They kept all code in one repository

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify communication needs in microservices

   Microservices communicate over APIs; clear contracts are essential to avoid failures.

2. Step 2: Analyze other options

   Using a single database or same server is possible but less likely to cause communication failures; code repo does not affect runtime communication.

3. Final Answer:

   They did not implement proper API contracts between services -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   API contracts prevent communication failures [OK]

Hint: API contracts are key for microservice communication [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Blaming database sharing for communication errors
• Assuming deployment location causes failures
• Confusing code repo structure with runtime issues

5. A startup plans to build a new product with a small team and expects rapid changes. Which architecture is best and why?

hard

A. Monolith, because it is simpler to develop and deploy quickly

B. Microservices, because it allows independent scaling from day one

C. Monolith, because it supports multiple databases easily

D. Microservices, because it requires fewer resources initially

Solution

1. Step 1: Consider team size and speed needs

   A small team with rapid changes benefits from simpler, faster development and deployment.

2. Step 2: Evaluate architecture fit

   Monolith is simpler to build and deploy quickly; microservices add complexity and overhead not ideal for small teams initially.

3. Final Answer:

   Monolith, because it is simpler to develop and deploy quickly -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Small team + fast changes = monolith [OK]

Hint: Small teams start monolith for speed, microservices add complexity [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Choosing microservices for small teams without need
• Assuming microservices always scale better initially
• Ignoring development speed and team skills