Heatmap with plt.imshow in Matplotlib

Introduction

A heatmap helps you see patterns in numbers by showing colors for values in a grid.

To quickly see how values change across a table of numbers.

To compare data like temperatures or scores in different places.

To find areas with high or low values in a matrix.

To visualize correlations or relationships in data.

To show intensity or frequency in a simple color map.

Syntax

Matplotlib

plt.imshow(data, cmap='color_map_name', interpolation='method')
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

data is a 2D array or matrix of numbers.

cmap sets the color style, like 'viridis' or 'hot'.

Examples

Basic heatmap with default colors and interpolation.

Matplotlib

plt.imshow(data)
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

Heatmap with warm colors from black to red to yellow.

Matplotlib

plt.imshow(data, cmap='hot')
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

Heatmap with cool colors and no smoothing between pixels.

Matplotlib

plt.imshow(data, cmap='cool', interpolation='nearest')
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

Sample Program

This code makes a simple 5 by 5 grid of numbers from 0 to 24. Then it shows a heatmap using the 'viridis' colors. The color bar on the side helps understand the values by color.

Matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# Create a 5x5 matrix with values from 0 to 24
data = np.arange(25).reshape(5, 5)

# Show heatmap with 'viridis' color map
plt.imshow(data, cmap='viridis')
plt.colorbar()  # Show color scale
plt.title('Heatmap with plt.imshow')
plt.show()

Important Notes

Use plt.colorbar() to add a color scale next to the heatmap.

Try different cmap values to find colors that suit your data.

interpolation='nearest' shows sharp blocks, while default smooths colors.

Summary

Heatmaps show data values as colors in a grid.

plt.imshow() is an easy way to create heatmaps in matplotlib.

Adding a color bar helps read the values from colors.

Practice

1. What does the plt.imshow function do in matplotlib when given a 2D array?

easy

A. It prints the array values as text on the plot.

B. It plots a line graph of the array values.

C. It creates a heatmap by showing the array values as colors.

D. It creates a pie chart from the array values.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand plt.imshow input

   The function takes a 2D array and maps its values to colors in a grid.

2. Step 2: Recognize heatmap behavior

   This color mapping creates a heatmap, showing patterns visually.

3. Final Answer:

   It creates a heatmap by showing the array values as colors. -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   plt.imshow = heatmap colors [OK]

Hint: plt.imshow shows 2D data as colored grids [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking plt.imshow plots lines or text
• Confusing heatmap with pie chart
• Assuming plt.imshow prints numbers

2. Which of these is the correct way to add a color bar to a heatmap created with plt.imshow?

easy

A. plt.colorbar()

B. plt.addcolor()

C. plt.showcolor()

D. plt.colorheat()

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall color bar function

   Matplotlib uses plt.colorbar() to add a color scale next to images.

2. Step 2: Check other options

   Other options are not valid matplotlib functions.

3. Final Answer:

   plt.colorbar() -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Color bar function = plt.colorbar() [OK]

Hint: Use plt.colorbar() to add color scale [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using non-existent functions like plt.addcolor()
• Forgetting to call plt.colorbar() after plt.imshow()
• Trying to add color bar before plotting heatmap

3. What will the following code display?

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

data = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
plt.imshow(data, cmap='hot')
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

medium

A. A scatter plot of points (1,2) and (3,4) with hot colors.

B. A line plot of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 with a color bar.

C. An error because cmap='hot' is invalid.

D. A 2x2 heatmap with colors from black to red to yellow, and a color bar showing values 1 to 4.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand plt.imshow with cmap='hot'

   The data array is 2x2, so plt.imshow creates a 2x2 grid colored by values using the 'hot' color map (black to red to yellow).

2. Step 2: Effect of plt.colorbar()

   The color bar shows the scale from the minimum value 1 to maximum 4, helping interpret colors.

3. Final Answer:

   A 2x2 heatmap with colors from black to red to yellow, and a color bar showing values 1 to 4. -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   plt.imshow + cmap='hot' + colorbar = heatmap with hot colors [OK]

Hint: cmap='hot' colors low to high values black-red-yellow [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking plt.imshow plots lines or scatter
• Believing cmap='hot' causes error
• Ignoring color bar meaning

4. The code below is intended to show a heatmap but does not display the color bar. What is the error?

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

data = np.random.rand(3,3)
plt.imshow(data)
plt.colorbar
plt.show()

medium

A. plt.colorbar is missing parentheses, so color bar is not shown.

B. plt.imshow needs a cmap argument to show color bar.

C. plt.show() must come before plt.colorbar().

D. np.random.rand(3,3) creates invalid data for heatmap.

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify plt.colorbar usage

   The code uses plt.colorbar without parentheses, so the function is not called.

2. Step 2: Correct function call

   Adding parentheses plt.colorbar() calls the function and displays the color bar.

3. Final Answer:

   plt.colorbar is missing parentheses, so color bar is not shown. -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Call plt.colorbar() with () to show color bar [OK]

Hint: Always call plt.colorbar() with parentheses [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Forgetting parentheses on plt.colorbar
• Thinking cmap is required for color bar
• Calling plt.show() before plt.colorbar

5. You have a 4x4 matrix with values from 0 to 15. You want to create a heatmap using plt.imshow that shows the values clearly with a color bar, but you want the color scale to always be from 0 to 20 regardless of data. Which code snippet correctly does this?

hard

A. plt.imshow(matrix, vmin=0, vmax=15)
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

B. plt.imshow(matrix, vmin=0, vmax=20)
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

C. plt.imshow(matrix, cmap='gray')
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

D. plt.imshow(matrix)
plt.colorbar(vmin=0, vmax=20)
plt.show()

Solution

1. Step 1: Set color scale limits in plt.imshow

   Use vmin=0 and vmax=20 in plt.imshow to fix color scale from 0 to 20.

2. Step 2: Add color bar normally

   Call plt.colorbar() to show the color scale matching the fixed limits.

3. Final Answer:

   plt.imshow(matrix, vmin=0, vmax=20) plt.colorbar() plt.show() -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Set vmin/vmax in imshow, then add colorbar [OK]

Hint: Use vmin and vmax in plt.imshow to fix color scale [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Setting vmin/vmax in plt.colorbar instead of plt.imshow
• Not setting vmax to 20, so scale auto adjusts
• Using wrong vmin/vmax values