Network policies for security in Kubernetes - Cheat Sheet & Quick Revision

Recall & Review

beginner

What is a Kubernetes Network Policy?

A Kubernetes Network Policy is a set of rules that control how pods communicate with each other and with other network endpoints. It helps secure the cluster by restricting traffic.

beginner

Which Kubernetes resource defines network policies?

The resource is called NetworkPolicy. It is a Kubernetes API object used to specify how groups of pods are allowed to communicate with each other and other network endpoints.

intermediate

What does the podSelector field do in a Network Policy?

The podSelector field selects the pods to which the network policy applies. Only the selected pods will have the traffic rules enforced.

intermediate

How do you allow incoming traffic only from pods in the same namespace using a Network Policy?

You create an ingress rule with from specifying podSelector matching the pods in the same namespace. This restricts incoming traffic to only those pods.

beginner

What happens if no Network Policy selects a pod?

If no Network Policy selects a pod, then by default all traffic is allowed to and from that pod. Network Policies only restrict traffic for selected pods.

What is the default behavior for pod traffic if no Network Policy is applied?

A All traffic is allowed

B All traffic is blocked

C Only ingress traffic is allowed

D Only egress traffic is allowed

By default, Kubernetes allows all traffic to and from pods if no Network Policy selects them.

Which field in a Network Policy specifies the pods the policy applies to?

A podSelector

B namespaceSelector

C policyTypes

D ingress

The podSelector field selects the pods that the Network Policy will apply to.

How do you specify that a Network Policy should restrict outgoing traffic?

A Use the ingress field

B Use the egress field

C Set policyTypes to Ingress only

D Set podSelector to empty

The egress field defines rules for outgoing traffic from selected pods.

What does setting policyTypes: ["Ingress"] do?

A Blocks all traffic

B Restricts only outgoing traffic

C Restricts only incoming traffic

D Allows all traffic

Setting policyTypes to Ingress means the policy controls only incoming traffic.

Which selector allows you to restrict traffic from pods in a different namespace?

A podSelector

B policyTypes

C ipBlock

D namespaceSelector

The namespaceSelector selects pods based on their namespace, allowing cross-namespace traffic control.

Explain how Kubernetes Network Policies help secure pod communication.

Think about controlling who can talk to whom inside the cluster.

Describe the difference between ingress and egress rules in a Network Policy.

Consider traffic direction relative to the pod.

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of a Kubernetes NetworkPolicy?

easy

A. To update container images automatically

B. To schedule pods on specific nodes

C. To manage storage volumes for pods

D. To control which pods can communicate with each other

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand NetworkPolicy role

   A NetworkPolicy defines rules about pod communication inside a Kubernetes cluster.

2. Step 2: Identify main function

   It controls which pods can send or receive network traffic to improve security.

3. Final Answer:

   To control which pods can communicate with each other -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   NetworkPolicy controls pod communication = A [OK]

Hint: NetworkPolicy controls pod communication, not scheduling or storage [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing NetworkPolicy with pod scheduling
• Thinking NetworkPolicy manages storage
• Assuming NetworkPolicy updates images

2. Which of the following is the correct way to specify a pod selector in a NetworkPolicy YAML?

easy

A. podSelector: labels: role: frontend

B. podSelector:
matchLabels:
role: frontend

C. podSelector: role=frontend

D. podSelector: role: frontend

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall podSelector syntax

   In NetworkPolicy YAML, podSelector uses matchLabels to select pods by labels.

2. Step 2: Match correct YAML format

   podSelector: matchLabels: role: frontend correctly uses podSelector with matchLabels syntax.

3. Final Answer:

   podSelector: matchLabels: role: frontend -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Correct podSelector uses matchLabels = C [OK]

Hint: Use matchLabels map inside podSelector for correct syntax [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using incorrect YAML indentation
• Omitting matchLabels key
• Writing labels without proper mapping

3. Given this NetworkPolicy snippet, what traffic is allowed?

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-nginx
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          role: frontend
    ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80

medium

A. Only pods with label role=frontend can access nginx pods on TCP port 80

B. All pods can access nginx pods on any port

C. Only pods with label app=nginx can access frontend pods on port 80

D. No traffic is allowed to nginx pods

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze podSelector and ingress rules

   The policy selects pods with label app: nginx and allows ingress only from pods with role: frontend on TCP port 80.

2. Step 2: Interpret allowed traffic

   Only pods labeled role=frontend can connect to nginx pods on TCP port 80; other traffic is blocked.

3. Final Answer:

   Only pods with label role=frontend can access nginx pods on TCP port 80 -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Ingress from role=frontend on port 80 = B [OK]

Hint: Ingress from podSelector limits source pods and ports [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming all pods can access nginx
• Confusing source and destination labels
• Ignoring port restrictions

4. You wrote this NetworkPolicy but pods labeled role=frontend still cannot access app=nginx pods on port 80. What is wrong?

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-nginx
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          role: frontend
    ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 8080

medium

A. The metadata name is incorrect

B. The podSelector is missing in the policy

C. The port in the policy is 8080 but nginx listens on port 80

D. The protocol TCP is not supported in NetworkPolicy

Solution

1. Step 1: Compare port in policy with actual service port

   The policy allows ingress on TCP port 8080, but nginx usually listens on port 80.

2. Step 2: Identify mismatch causing blocked traffic

   Because the port does not match nginx's listening port, traffic is blocked despite correct podSelector.

3. Final Answer:

   The port in the policy is 8080 but nginx listens on port 80 -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Port mismatch blocks traffic = D [OK]

Hint: Check port numbers match service and policy exactly [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Ignoring port mismatch
• Assuming protocol TCP is unsupported
• Thinking metadata name affects traffic

5. You want to create a NetworkPolicy that allows pods labeled role=frontend to access pods labeled app=nginx on port 80, but blocks all other traffic. Which YAML snippet correctly achieves this?

hard

A. spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
ingress:
- from:
- podSelector:
matchLabels:
role: frontend
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80

B. spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels:
role: frontend
ingress:
- from:
- podSelector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80

C. spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
egress:
- to:
- podSelector:
matchLabels:
role: frontend
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80

D. spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
ingress:
- from:
- namespaceSelector:
matchLabels:
role: frontend
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify pods to protect and allowed sources

   The policy must select pods with app: nginx and allow ingress only from pods with role: frontend.

2. Step 2: Check ingress rules and ports

   spec: podSelector: matchLabels: app: nginx ingress: - from: - podSelector: matchLabels: role: frontend ports: - protocol: TCP port: 80 correctly uses podSelector for nginx pods and allows ingress from frontend pods on TCP port 80.

3. Step 3: Confirm other options are incorrect

   The snippet that selects role: frontend in podSelector but has from app: nginx reverses source and destination; the snippet using egress and to controls outgoing traffic; the snippet using namespaceSelector selects entire namespaces instead of specific pods.

4. Final Answer:

   spec: podSelector: matchLabels: app: nginx ingress: - from: - podSelector: matchLabels: role: frontend ports: - protocol: TCP port: 80 -> Option A

5. Quick Check:

   Correct podSelector and ingress from frontend pods = A [OK]

Hint: Select nginx pods and allow ingress from frontend pods on port 80 [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Mixing up podSelector labels
• Using egress instead of ingress
• Using namespaceSelector instead of podSelector