CRUD operations with Sequelize in Express

Introduction

CRUD operations let you create, read, update, and delete data in a database easily. Sequelize helps you do this in Node.js apps without writing raw SQL.

When building a web app that needs to save user info like profiles or posts.

When you want to manage data in a database using JavaScript code.

When you need to update or remove records based on user actions.

When you want to fetch data from a database to show on a webpage.

When you want to keep your database code organized and easy to read.

Syntax

Express

const Model = require('./models/Model');

// Create
Model.create({ field1: value1, field2: value2 });

// Read
Model.findAll();
Model.findOne({ where: { field: value } });

// Update
Model.update({ fieldToUpdate: newValue }, { where: { id: someId } });

// Delete
Model.destroy({ where: { id: someId } });

Use create() to add new data.

Use findAll() or findOne() to get data.

Use update() to change existing data.

Use destroy() to remove data.

Examples

Adds a new user named Alice who is 25 years old.

Express

User.create({ name: 'Alice', age: 25 });

Gets all users from the database.

Express

User.findAll();

Updates Alice's age to 26.

Express

User.update({ age: 26 }, { where: { name: 'Alice' } });

Deletes the user named Alice.

Express

User.destroy({ where: { name: 'Alice' } });

Sample Program

This Express app uses Sequelize to manage users in a database. It supports creating, reading, updating, and deleting users through HTTP routes.

Try sending JSON data to POST /users to add a user, GET /users to list users, PUT /users/:id to update, and DELETE /users/:id to remove.

Express

import express from 'express';
import { Sequelize, DataTypes } from 'sequelize';

const app = express();
app.use(express.json());

const sequelize = new Sequelize('sqlite::memory:');

const User = sequelize.define('User', {
  name: {
    type: DataTypes.STRING,
    allowNull: false
  },
  age: {
    type: DataTypes.INTEGER
  }
});

app.post('/users', async (req, res) => {
  const user = await User.create(req.body);
  res.json(user);
});

app.get('/users', async (req, res) => {
  const users = await User.findAll();
  res.json(users);
});

app.put('/users/:id', async (req, res) => {
  const { id } = req.params;
  await User.update(req.body, { where: { id } });
  const updatedUser = await User.findOne({ where: { id } });
  res.json(updatedUser);
});

app.delete('/users/:id', async (req, res) => {
  const { id } = req.params;
  await User.destroy({ where: { id } });
  res.json({ message: 'User deleted' });
});

(async () => {
  await sequelize.sync({ force: true });
  app.listen(3000, () => console.log('Server running on http://localhost:3000'));
})();

Important Notes

Always handle errors in real apps to avoid crashes.

Sequelize uses promises, so use async/await for cleaner code.

Use sequelize.sync() to create tables automatically.

Summary

CRUD means Create, Read, Update, Delete data.

Sequelize lets you do CRUD with JavaScript instead of SQL.

Use Sequelize methods like create(), findAll(), update(), and destroy().

Practice

1. Which Sequelize method is used to add a new record to the database?

easy

A. update()

B. findAll()

C. create()

D. destroy()

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand CRUD operations

   CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, Delete. Each operation has a matching Sequelize method.

2. Step 2: Match method to Create operation

   The create() method is used to add new records to the database.

3. Final Answer:

   create() -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Create = create() [OK]

Hint: Create means add new, so use create() method [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing create() with findAll() which reads data
• Using update() to add new records
• Using destroy() which deletes records

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to update a user's name to 'Alice' where id is 5 using Sequelize?

easy

A. User.update({ name: 'Alice' }, { where: { id: 5 } })

B. User.update({ where: { id: 5 } }, { name: 'Alice' })

C. User.update('Alice', { id: 5 })

D. User.update({ id: 5 }, { name: 'Alice' })

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall Sequelize update syntax

   The update method takes two arguments: the new values object, and the options object with a where clause.

2. Step 2: Match correct argument order and structure

   User.update({ name: 'Alice' }, { where: { id: 5 } }) correctly places the new values first and the where condition second.

3. Final Answer:

   User.update({ name: 'Alice' }, { where: { id: 5 } }) -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   update(values, { where }) = User.update({ name: 'Alice' }, { where: { id: 5 } }) [OK]

Hint: Update needs values first, then where condition [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Swapping the order of arguments
• Passing values inside where instead of separate object
• Using strings instead of objects for values

3. Given the code:

const users = await User.findAll({ where: { age: { [Op.gt]: 18 } } });
console.log(users.length);

What will console.log(users.length) output?

medium

A. The total number of users in the database

B. An error because Op.gt is not defined

C. Always 0 because findAll returns undefined

D. The number of users older than 18

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand findAll with where clause

   The findAll method returns all records matching the where condition. Here, it filters users with age greater than 18.

2. Step 2: Determine what users.length represents

   users is an array of matching records, so users.length is the count of users older than 18.

3. Final Answer:

   The number of users older than 18 -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   findAll with condition returns matching array length [OK]

Hint: findAll returns array; length counts matching records [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking findAll returns undefined or null
• Ignoring the where condition filtering
• Assuming Op.gt is undefined without importing

4. What is wrong with this code snippet for deleting a user by id?

await User.destroy(id);

medium

A. destroy requires an object with a where clause, not just id

B. destroy cannot be awaited

C. destroy only works with arrays, not single values

D. destroy needs a callback function

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall destroy method signature

   Sequelize's destroy method expects an options object with a where property to specify which records to delete.

2. Step 2: Identify incorrect argument usage

   Passing just the id directly is incorrect; it must be inside { where: { id: id } }.

3. Final Answer:

   destroy requires an object with a where clause, not just id -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   destroy({ where: { id } }) is correct [OK]

Hint: destroy needs where inside an object, not just id [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Passing id directly instead of inside where
• Not awaiting asynchronous destroy call
• Expecting destroy to accept callback

5. You want to update multiple users' status to 'active' where their last login was before 2023-01-01. Which Sequelize code correctly does this?

hard

A. User.update({ where: { lastLogin: { [Op.lt]: '2023-01-01' } } }, { status: 'active' })

B. User.update({ status: 'active' }, { where: { lastLogin: { [Op.lt]: new Date('2023-01-01') } } })

C. User.update('active', { lastLogin: { [Op.lt]: new Date('2023-01-01') } })

D. User.update({ status: 'active' }, { lastLogin: { [Op.lt]: new Date('2023-01-01') } })

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand update method parameters

   The first argument is the values to update, the second is an options object with a where clause to filter records.

2. Step 2: Check correct use of Op.lt and date object

   User.update({ status: 'active' }, { where: { lastLogin: { [Op.lt]: new Date('2023-01-01') } } }) correctly uses [Op.lt] with a Date object inside the where clause.

3. Step 3: Verify argument order and structure

   The other options have incorrect argument order or missing where wrapper.

4. Final Answer:

   User.update({ status: 'active' }, { where: { lastLogin: { [Op.lt]: new Date('2023-01-01') } } }) -> Option B

5. Quick Check:

   update(values, { where: condition }) with Op.lt date [OK]

Hint: Update needs values first, then where with Op.lt date [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Swapping values and where arguments
• Using string instead of Date object for date comparison
• Omitting where wrapper around condition