AND function in Excel - Cell-by-Cell Formula Trace

Sample Data

This data shows TRUE or FALSE values in cells A1 to C3 to test the AND function with different logical inputs.

Cell	Value
A1	TRUE
A2	FALSE
A3	TRUE
B1	TRUE
B2	TRUE
B3	FALSE
C1	FALSE
C2	TRUE
C3	TRUE

Formula Trace

=AND(A1, B2, C3)

Step 1: AND(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE)

Cell Reference Map

TRUE

↓

FALSE

↓

TRUE

The formula uses values from cells A1, B2, and C3 to evaluate the AND function.

Result

TRUE

↓

FALSE

↓

TRUE

The final result TRUE appears in cell D1 because all referenced cells A1, B2, and C3 are TRUE.

Sheet Trace Quiz - 3 Questions

What does the AND function return if all arguments are TRUE?

A Error

B FALSE

C TRUE

D The first TRUE value

Key Result

AND returns TRUE only if all arguments are TRUE; otherwise FALSE.