Queue Using Two Stacks in DSA Java - Cheat Sheet & Quick Revision

Recall & Review

beginner

What is the main idea behind implementing a queue using two stacks?

Use one stack to handle incoming elements (enqueue) and another stack to reverse the order for outgoing elements (dequeue), so the first element added is the first one removed.

beginner

Why do we need two stacks to implement a queue?

One stack stores elements in the order they arrive, and the second stack reverses this order to simulate the queue's FIFO (first-in, first-out) behavior.

intermediate

What happens during the dequeue operation in a queue implemented with two stacks?

If the second stack is empty, all elements from the first stack are moved to the second stack, reversing their order. Then, the top element of the second stack is popped and returned.

intermediate

What is the time complexity of enqueue and dequeue operations in a queue using two stacks?

Enqueue is O(1) because it just pushes onto the first stack. Dequeue is amortized O(1) because elements are moved between stacks only when needed.

intermediate

Show the state of two stacks after enqueueing 1, 2, 3 and then dequeuing one element.

After enqueue 1,2,3: stack1 = [1,2,3], stack2 = []. After dequeue: stack1 = [], stack2 = [3,2], dequeued element = 1.

Which stack holds elements in reversed order during dequeue in a queue using two stacks?

A Both stacks hold reversed order

B The first stack

C Neither stack holds reversed order

D The second stack

The second stack holds elements in reversed order to simulate FIFO behavior during dequeue.

What is the time complexity of enqueue operation in a queue implemented with two stacks?

A O(1)

B O(n)

C O(log n)

D O(n log n)

Enqueue operation just pushes onto the first stack, which is O(1).

When do we transfer elements from the first stack to the second stack?

A After every enqueue operation

B When the first stack is empty

C When the second stack is empty and we need to dequeue

D Before every enqueue operation

Elements are moved only when the second stack is empty and a dequeue is requested.

What data structure property does the second stack simulate in the queue?

A LIFO (Last In First Out)

B FIFO (First In First Out)

C Random Access

D Priority

The second stack reverses the order to simulate FIFO behavior of a queue.

If you enqueue elements 5, 10, 15 and then dequeue twice, what will be the dequeued elements?

A 5, 10

B 5, 15

C 10, 15

D 15, 10

Queue dequeues in the order elements were enqueued: 5 then 10.

Explain how a queue can be implemented using two stacks and describe the enqueue and dequeue operations.

Think about reversing order with stacks to get FIFO.

Describe the time complexity of enqueue and dequeue operations in a queue implemented with two stacks and why dequeue is amortized O(1).

Consider how often elements move between stacks.

Practice

1. What is the main idea behind implementing a Queue using two stacks?

easy

A. Use two stacks to reverse the order twice to maintain queue order

B. Use two stacks to store elements in sorted order

C. Use one stack and a linked list to simulate queue behavior

D. Use one stack for enqueue and another for dequeue operations

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand queue order

   A queue follows First-In-First-Out (FIFO) order, meaning the first element added is the first removed.

2. Step 2: Use two stacks to reverse order twice

   Stacks are Last-In-First-Out (LIFO). Using two stacks, we reverse the order twice, restoring FIFO behavior.

3. Final Answer:

   Use two stacks to reverse the order twice to maintain queue order -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Two stacks reverse twice = queue order [OK]

Hint: Two stacks reverse order twice to simulate queue [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking one stack alone can maintain queue order
• Assuming stacks keep elements sorted
• Confusing enqueue and dequeue operations

2. Which of the following is the correct Java method signature for enqueue operation in a queue implemented using two stacks?

easy

A. public int enqueue(int x)

B. void enqueue(int x)

C. public void enqueue() int x

D. public void enqueue(int x)

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct Java method signature

   In Java, method signature includes access modifier, return type, method name, and parameters. Enqueue adds an element and returns nothing, so return type is void.

2. Step 2: Check each option

   public void enqueue(int x) has public access, void return type, method name enqueue, and int parameter. This is correct syntax.

3. Final Answer:

   public void enqueue(int x) -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Method signature with void return and int parameter [OK]

Hint: Enqueue returns void and takes element parameter [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Missing return type or wrong return type
• Incorrect parameter placement
• Syntax errors like misplaced braces

3. Consider the following Java code snippet implementing dequeue operation using two stacks. What will be the output after these operations?

QueueUsingTwoStacks q = new QueueUsingTwoStacks();
q.enqueue(10);
q.enqueue(20);
q.enqueue(30);
System.out.println(q.dequeue());
q.enqueue(40);
System.out.println(q.dequeue());

medium

A. 10\n20

B. 30\n10

C. 10\n30

D. 20\n30

Solution

1. Step 1: Trace enqueue operations

   Elements enqueued in order: 10, 20, 30. Queue order is [10, 20, 30].

2. Step 2: Dequeue and enqueue operations

   First dequeue removes 10 (front). Then enqueue 40, queue is [20, 30, 40]. Second dequeue removes 20.

3. Final Answer:

   10 20 -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Dequeue order matches enqueue FIFO [OK]

Hint: Dequeue returns oldest enqueued element [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming stack order instead of queue order
• Mixing up enqueue and dequeue sequence
• Forgetting to enqueue after dequeue

4. The following code snippet for dequeue operation in a queue using two stacks throws an error. What is the error and how to fix it?

public int dequeue() {
  if (stack2.isEmpty()) {
    while (!stack1.isEmpty()) {
      stack2.push(stack1.pop());
    }
  }
  return stack1.pop();
}

medium

A. Missing check for empty queue before popping

B. Returns from wrong stack; should pop from stack2

C. Should push from stack2 to stack1 instead

D. Syntax error: missing semicolon after while loop

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze dequeue logic

   When stack2 is empty, elements are moved from stack1 to stack2 to reverse order. Dequeue should pop from stack2 to get the front element.

2. Step 2: Identify error in return statement

   Code returns stack1.pop(), which is incorrect. It should return stack2.pop() to dequeue correctly.

3. Final Answer:

   Returns from wrong stack; should pop from stack2 -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Dequeue pops from stack2 after transfer [OK]

Hint: Dequeue pops from stack2 after transfer [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Popping from stack1 instead of stack2
• Not transferring elements when stack2 is empty
• Ignoring empty queue condition

5. You want to implement a queue using two stacks where enqueue is O(1) time and dequeue is amortized O(1). Which approach is best?

Options:
A) Push new elements to stack1 on enqueue; on dequeue, if stack2 empty, move all from stack1 to stack2, then pop stack2.
B) Push new elements to stack2 on enqueue; on dequeue, pop from stack1.
C) Push new elements to stack1 on enqueue; on dequeue, pop from stack1 directly.
D) Push new elements to stack2 on enqueue; on dequeue, if stack1 empty, move all from stack2 to stack1, then pop stack1.

hard

A. Push to stack1 on enqueue; dequeue from stack1 directly

B. Push to stack2 on enqueue; dequeue from stack1 directly

C. Push to stack1 on enqueue; transfer to stack2 on dequeue if empty

D. Push to stack2 on enqueue; transfer to stack1 on dequeue if empty

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand enqueue and dequeue costs

   Enqueue should be O(1), so pushing to a stack directly is best. Dequeue can be amortized O(1) by transferring elements only when needed.

2. Step 2: Identify correct approach

   Push to stack1 on enqueue; transfer to stack2 on dequeue if empty pushes to stack1 on enqueue (O(1)). On dequeue, if stack2 is empty, transfer all from stack1 to stack2 (reversing order), then pop from stack2. This gives amortized O(1) dequeue.

3. Final Answer:

   Push to stack1 on enqueue; transfer to stack2 on dequeue if empty -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Enqueue O(1), dequeue amortized O(1) with two stacks [OK]

Hint: Enqueue to stack1; dequeue from stack2 after transfer [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Pushing to wrong stack on enqueue
• Popping from wrong stack on dequeue
• Not transferring elements when needed