Creating your first model in dbt

Introduction

Creating a model in dbt helps you turn raw data into clean, organized tables. This makes it easier to analyze and understand your data.

You want to clean and organize raw data from your database.

You need to create a reusable table for reports or dashboards.

You want to apply business rules to your data in a simple way.

You want to automate data transformations to save time.

You want to track changes and versions of your data transformations.

Syntax

dbt

select
  column1,
  column2,
  aggregate_function(column3) as new_column
from
  source_table
where
  condition

This is a basic SQL SELECT statement used inside a dbt model file.

Each model is a SQL file that creates a table or view in your data warehouse.

Examples

This model selects all columns from the raw customers table.

dbt

select * from raw.customers

This model counts completed orders per customer.

dbt

select
  customer_id,
  count(order_id) as total_orders
from raw.orders
where order_status = 'completed'
group by customer_id

This model converts customer names to uppercase.

dbt

select
  customer_id,
  upper(customer_name) as customer_name_upper
from raw.customers

Sample Program

This simple dbt model selects active users from the raw.users table.

Save this SQL in your dbt project's models folder as my_first_model.sql. When you run dbt run, it will create a table or view with this data.

dbt

-- File: models/my_first_model.sql
select
  id,
  name,
  created_at
from raw.users
where active = true

Important Notes

Model files must be saved in the models folder of your dbt project.

Run dbt run to build your models and create tables or views in your data warehouse.

Use simple SQL first, then add complexity as you learn.

Summary

dbt models are SQL files that transform raw data into clean tables.

Save your SQL code in the models folder and run dbt run to create the model.

Start with simple SELECT statements to build your first model.

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of a dbt model?

easy

A. To write Python scripts for data analysis

B. To store raw data without changes

C. To create visual dashboards

D. To transform raw data into clean, usable tables

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the role of dbt models

   dbt models are SQL files that transform raw data into clean tables for analysis.

2. Step 2: Compare options with this role

   Only To transform raw data into clean, usable tables describes transforming raw data into clean tables, which matches the purpose of dbt models.

3. Final Answer:

   To transform raw data into clean, usable tables -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   dbt model purpose = transform raw data [OK]

Hint: Remember: dbt models clean and transform data [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing models with dashboards
• Thinking models store raw data unchanged
• Assuming models are Python scripts

2. Which of the following is the correct way to define a simple dbt model SQL file?

easy

A. SELECT * FROM raw_data

B. CREATE MODEL my_model AS SELECT * FROM raw_data

C. dbt run SELECT * FROM raw_data

D. INSERT INTO model SELECT * FROM raw_data

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall dbt model syntax

   A dbt model is a SQL SELECT statement saved as a .sql file in the models folder.

2. Step 2: Evaluate each option

   SELECT * FROM raw_data is a simple SELECT statement, which is the correct way to define a model. Options B, C, and D use incorrect syntax or commands not used in dbt model files.

3. Final Answer:

   SELECT * FROM raw_data -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   dbt model = simple SELECT statement [OK]

Hint: dbt models are just SELECT queries saved as files [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using CREATE MODEL syntax (not valid in dbt)
• Trying to run dbt commands inside SQL files
• Using INSERT statements instead of SELECT

3. Given the following dbt model SQL code saved as models/my_first_model.sql:

SELECT id, name FROM raw_customers WHERE active = true

What will be the output when you run dbt run?

medium

A. Nothing happens because dbt run does not create models

B. An error because of missing CREATE TABLE statement

C. A new table or view named my_first_model with active customers only

D. The raw_customers table will be deleted

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand what dbt run does

   Running dbt run executes model SQL files and creates tables or views with the model name.

2. Step 2: Analyze the model SQL

   The model selects id and name from raw_customers where active is true, so the output table will contain only active customers.

3. Final Answer:

   A new table or view named my_first_model with active customers only -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   dbt run creates model tables = filtered active customers [OK]

Hint: dbt run creates tables from your SELECT queries [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Expecting CREATE TABLE in model SQL
• Thinking dbt deletes source tables
• Believing dbt run does nothing

4. You wrote this dbt model SQL file named models/customer_summary.sql:

SELECT customer_id, order_id, COUNT(*) AS orders_count
FROM orders
GROUP BY customer_id

When you run dbt run, you get an error. What is the most likely cause?

medium

A. Missing a semicolon at the end of the SQL statement

B. The GROUP BY column does not match the SELECT columns

C. The SELECT statement is missing a FROM clause

D. The model file is not saved in the models folder

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall GROUP BY rules

   When using GROUP BY, all non-aggregated columns in SELECT must either be aggregated or included in GROUP BY.

2. Step 2: Analyze the SELECT and GROUP BY columns

   SELECT has customer_id (in GROUP BY), order_id (neither aggregated nor grouped), COUNT(*) (aggregated). Thus, GROUP BY does not match SELECT columns.

3. Final Answer:

   The GROUP BY column does not match the SELECT columns -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   GROUP BY must include all non-aggregated SELECT columns [OK]

Hint: Ensure all non-aggregated SELECT columns are in GROUP BY [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Forgetting to include non-aggregated columns in GROUP BY
• Assuming semicolon is required
• Saving model outside models folder

5. You want to create a dbt model that shows the total sales per product category, but only for categories with total sales above 1000. Which SQL code correctly implements this in your model file?

hard

A. SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales_data GROUP BY category HAVING SUM(sales) > 1000

B. SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales_data WHERE total_sales > 1000 GROUP BY category

C. SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales_data GROUP BY category HAVING total_sales > 1000

D. SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales_data WHERE SUM(sales) > 1000 GROUP BY category

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand filtering on aggregated values

   To filter groups by aggregated values, use HAVING with the aggregate function, not WHERE.

2. Step 2: Analyze each option

   SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales_data GROUP BY category HAVING total_sales > 1000 uses HAVING total_sales > 1000, but total_sales is an alias and cannot be used directly in HAVING in many SQL dialects. SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales_data GROUP BY category HAVING SUM(sales) > 1000 uses HAVING SUM(sales) > 1000, which is correct. Options B and D incorrectly use WHERE with aggregate functions, which is invalid.

3. Final Answer:

   SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales_data GROUP BY category HAVING SUM(sales) > 1000 -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Use HAVING with aggregate functions to filter groups [OK]

Hint: Use HAVING with aggregate functions, not WHERE [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using WHERE to filter aggregated results
• Using alias names in HAVING clause
• Forgetting GROUP BY when aggregating