Chi-squared test in Data Analysis Python - Interactive Code Practice

Practice - 5 Tasks

1fill in blank

easy

Complete the code to import the chi2_contingency function from scipy.stats.

Data Analysis Python

from scipy.stats import [1]

Drag options to blanks, or click blank then click option'

Achi2_contingency

Bchi_square

Ccontingency_table

Dchi2_test

Attempts:

3 left

💡 Hint

Common Mistakes

Using a function name that does not exist in scipy.stats.

Confusing the function name with similar sounding names.

The chi2_contingency function is the correct function to perform the chi-squared test on a contingency table.

2fill in blank

medium

Complete the code to create a contingency table from two categorical columns in a pandas DataFrame named df.

Data Analysis Python

contingency_table = pd.crosstab(df['Category1'], [1])

Drag options to blanks, or click blank then click option'

Adf['Count']

Bdf['Category1']

Cdf['Value']

Ddf['Category2']

Attempts:

3 left

💡 Hint

Common Mistakes

Using the same column twice in crosstab.

Using a non-categorical column like 'Value' or 'Count'.

The pd.crosstab function takes two categorical series to create a contingency table. The second argument should be the other categorical column, here df['Category2'].

3fill in blank

hard

Fix the error in the code to perform the chi-squared test on the contingency table named table.

Data Analysis Python

chi2, p, dof, expected = [1](table)

Drag options to blanks, or click blank then click option'

Achi2_contingency

Bchi_test

Cchi_square

Dcontingency_test

Attempts:

3 left

💡 Hint

Common Mistakes

Using a non-existent function name.

Confusing the function name with similar sounding names.

The correct function to perform the chi-squared test on a contingency table is chi2_contingency.

4fill in blank

hard

Fill both blanks to create a dictionary comprehension that maps each word to its length only if the length is greater than 3.

Data Analysis Python

lengths = {word: [1] for word in words if len(word) [2] 3}

Drag options to blanks, or click blank then click option'

Alen(word)

B<

C>

Dword

Attempts:

3 left

💡 Hint

Common Mistakes

Using the word itself as the value instead of its length.

Using the wrong comparison operator.

The dictionary comprehension maps each word to its length using len(word). The condition filters words with length greater than 3 using >.

5fill in blank

hard

Fill all three blanks to create a dictionary comprehension that maps each key uppercased to its value only if the value is greater than 0.

Data Analysis Python

result = [1]: [2] for k, v in data.items() if v [3] 0}

Drag options to blanks, or click blank then click option'

Ak.upper()

Bv

C>

Dk

Attempts:

3 left

💡 Hint

Common Mistakes

Using the original key instead of uppercased key.

Using the wrong comparison operator in the condition.

The dictionary comprehension uses k.upper() as the key, v as the value, and filters items where v > 0.

Practice

1. What does the Chi-squared test primarily check in data analysis?

easy

A. If two numerical variables have a linear relationship

B. If two categorical variables are related or independent

C. If a dataset follows a normal distribution

D. If the mean of a dataset is greater than zero

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the purpose of the Chi-squared test

   The Chi-squared test is used to check relationships between categorical variables, not numerical data.

2. Step 2: Identify the correct relationship tested

   It tests if two categories are independent or related based on observed counts.

3. Final Answer:

   If two categorical variables are related or independent -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Chi-squared tests category relationships [OK]

Hint: Chi-squared tests category links, not means or correlations [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing Chi-squared with correlation tests
• Thinking it tests numerical data relationships
• Assuming it checks data distribution shape

2. Which Python library and function is commonly used to perform a Chi-squared test on a contingency table?

easy

A. scipy.stats.chi2_contingency

B. numpy.chisquare_test

C. pandas.chi_squared

D. matplotlib.chi2_test

Solution

1. Step 1: Recall common Python libraries for statistics

   Scipy is the standard library for statistical tests in Python.

2. Step 2: Identify the correct function for Chi-squared test

   The function to perform Chi-squared test on contingency tables is chi2_contingency in scipy.stats.

3. Final Answer:

   scipy.stats.chi2_contingency -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Use scipy.stats.chi2_contingency for Chi-squared [OK]

Hint: Remember: scipy.stats has chi2_contingency for Chi-squared [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using numpy or pandas which don't have this function
• Confusing function names or libraries
• Trying to use plotting libraries for tests

3. What will be the output of this Python code snippet?

import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import chi2_contingency

observed = np.array([[10, 20], [20, 40]])
chi2, p, dof, expected = chi2_contingency(observed, correction=False)
print('{:.3f}'.format(p))

medium

A. 1.000

B. 0.000

C. 0.500

D. 0.250

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the observed data and test

   The observed table has proportional counts (10:20 and 20:40), suggesting independence.

2. Step 2: Interpret the p-value from chi2_contingency

   The p-value is approximately 0.5, indicating no significant relationship; the test finds data consistent with independence.

3. Final Answer:

   0.500 -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Proportional counts give moderate p-value around 0.5 [OK]

Hint: Proportional tables yield moderate p-values near 0.5 [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming low p-value means independence
• Confusing chi2 statistic with p-value
• Rounding errors changing p-value interpretation

4. Identify the error in this code that tries to perform a Chi-squared test:

import scipy.stats as stats
observed = [[15, 25], [35, 25]]
chi2, p = stats.chi2_contingency(observed)
print(p)

medium

A. Incorrect unpacking of chi2_contingency output

B. Missing import of numpy for array input

C. Observed data must be a pandas DataFrame

D. No error; code runs correctly

Solution

1. Step 1: Check the output of chi2_contingency

   The function returns four values: chi2, p, dof, expected.

2. Step 2: Verify unpacking matches returned values

   The code unpacks only two values, causing a ValueError due to mismatch.

3. Final Answer:

   Incorrect unpacking of chi2_contingency output -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   chi2_contingency returns 4 values, unpack all [OK]

Hint: Unpack all 4 outputs from chi2_contingency [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Unpacking fewer than 4 values
• Assuming input must be numpy array
• Thinking pandas DataFrame is required

5. You have a 3x3 contingency table of observed counts for three categories of two variables. After running chi2_contingency, you get a p-value of 0.03. What is the best interpretation if your significance level is 0.05?

hard

A. The variables are independent

B. You need a larger sample size to decide

C. The test is inconclusive; p-value is too high

D. There is a significant relationship between the variables

Solution

1. Step 1: Compare p-value with significance level

   The p-value 0.03 is less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance.

2. Step 2: Interpret significance in context of independence

   A significant result means we reject the null hypothesis of independence; variables are related.

3. Final Answer:

   There is a significant relationship between the variables -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   p-value < 0.05 means reject independence [OK]

Hint: p-value < alpha means variables related, not independent [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking p-value < 0.05 means independence
• Ignoring significance level in decision
• Assuming inconclusive without checking p-value