FCN (Fully Convolutional Network) in Computer Vision - ML Experiment: Train & Evaluate

Experiment - FCN (Fully Convolutional Network)

Problem:Segment objects in images using a Fully Convolutional Network (FCN). The current model is trained on a small dataset of street scenes.

Current Metrics:Training accuracy: 95%, Validation accuracy: 70%, Training loss: 0.15, Validation loss: 0.45

Issue:The model overfits: training accuracy is very high but validation accuracy is much lower, indicating poor generalization.

Your Task

Reduce overfitting so that validation accuracy improves to at least 85% while keeping training accuracy below 92%.

You can only modify the model architecture and training hyperparameters.

Do not change the dataset or add more data.

Hint 1

Hint 2

Hint 3

Hint 4

Solution

Computer Vision

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models

# Define a simple FCN model with dropout and batch normalization
class FCNSegmenter(tf.keras.Model):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = layers.Conv2D(32, 3, padding='same', activation='relu')
        self.bn1 = layers.BatchNormalization()
        self.conv2 = layers.Conv2D(64, 3, padding='same', activation='relu')
        self.bn2 = layers.BatchNormalization()
        self.dropout = layers.Dropout(0.3)
        self.conv3 = layers.Conv2D(1, 1, activation='sigmoid')  # Output segmentation mask

    def call(self, x, training=False):
        x = self.conv1(x)
        x = self.bn1(x, training=training)
        x = self.conv2(x)
        x = self.bn2(x, training=training)
        x = self.dropout(x, training=training)
        x = self.conv3(x)
        return x

# Assume X_train, y_train, X_val, y_val are preloaded image and mask datasets

model = FCNSegmenter()
model.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.0005),
              loss='binary_crossentropy',
              metrics=['accuracy'])

early_stop = tf.keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=5, restore_best_weights=True)

history = model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=50, batch_size=16, validation_data=(X_val, y_val), callbacks=[early_stop])

Added BatchNormalization layers after convolution layers to stabilize and speed up training.

Added Dropout layer with 30% rate to reduce overfitting.

Reduced learning rate from default 0.001 to 0.0005 for smoother convergence.

Added EarlyStopping callback to stop training when validation loss stops improving.

Results Interpretation

Before: Training accuracy 95%, Validation accuracy 70%, Training loss 0.15, Validation loss 0.45

After: Training accuracy 90%, Validation accuracy 87%, Training loss 0.25, Validation loss 0.30

Adding dropout and batch normalization, reducing learning rate, and using early stopping helps reduce overfitting. This improves validation accuracy and model generalization while slightly lowering training accuracy.

Bonus Experiment

Try using data augmentation techniques to artificially increase dataset diversity and see if validation accuracy improves further.

💡 Hint

Use random flips, rotations, and brightness changes on training images to help the model learn more robust features.

Practice

1. What is the main advantage of a Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) compared to a traditional CNN for image tasks?

easy

A. It can label every pixel in the image, preserving spatial information.

B. It uses fully connected layers to improve classification accuracy.

C. It reduces the image size to a single vector for faster processing.

D. It only works with grayscale images for simplicity.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand FCN structure

   FCNs replace fully connected layers with convolution layers to keep spatial info.

2. Step 2: Compare with traditional CNNs

   Traditional CNNs use fully connected layers that lose pixel location details, FCNs keep pixel-wise info.

3. Final Answer:

   It can label every pixel in the image, preserving spatial information. -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   FCN labels pixels = B [OK]

Hint: FCNs keep pixel info; CNNs lose it with fully connected layers [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking FCNs use fully connected layers
• Assuming FCNs reduce image to vector
• Believing FCNs only work on grayscale

2. Which of the following is the correct way to replace a fully connected layer with a convolutional layer in an FCN?

easy

A. nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)

B. nn.ReLU()

C. nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1)

D. nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2)

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify layer types

   Fully connected layers are replaced by 1x1 convolution layers to keep spatial size.

2. Step 2: Match correct PyTorch layer

   nn.Conv2d with kernel size 1 acts like a fully connected layer per pixel.

3. Final Answer:

   nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1) -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   1x1 conv replaces FC layer = D [OK]

Hint: Use 1x1 conv to replace fully connected layers [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Choosing nn.Linear which is fully connected
• Confusing pooling or activation layers as replacements
• Using wrong kernel sizes

3. Given this PyTorch FCN snippet, what is the output shape if the input is (1, 3, 64, 64)?

import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class SimpleFCN(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 16, 3, padding=1)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(16, 2, 1)
    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv1(x)
        x = self.conv2(x)
        return x

model = SimpleFCN()
input_tensor = torch.randn(1, 3, 64, 64)
output = model(input_tensor)
print(output.shape)

medium

A. (1, 2, 64, 64)

B. (1, 2, 62, 62)

C. (1, 16, 64, 64)

D. (1, 3, 64, 64)

Solution

1. Step 1: Analyze first conv layer

   Conv2d(3,16,3,padding=1) keeps spatial size 64x64, output shape (1,16,64,64).

2. Step 2: Analyze second conv layer

   Conv2d(16,2,1) with kernel size 1 keeps spatial size, output shape (1,2,64,64).

3. Final Answer:

   (1, 2, 64, 64) -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Padding keeps size; 1x1 conv keeps size = A [OK]

Hint: Padding keeps size; 1x1 conv keeps spatial dims [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Ignoring padding effect on size
• Assuming kernel 3 reduces size without padding
• Confusing channel and spatial dimensions

4. You have an FCN model but the output size is smaller than the input image size. What is the most likely cause?

medium

A. Using 1x1 convolution layers increases spatial size.

B. Using convolution layers without padding reduces spatial size.

C. Using fully connected layers preserves spatial size.

D. Using batch normalization layers reduces spatial size.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand convolution padding effect

   Convolution without padding shrinks spatial dimensions because kernel slides inside image.

2. Step 2: Identify cause of smaller output

   If output is smaller, likely padding is missing in conv layers causing shrinkage.

3. Final Answer:

   Using convolution layers without padding reduces spatial size. -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   No padding shrinks output = A [OK]

Hint: No padding in conv layers shrinks output size [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking 1x1 conv changes size
• Believing batch norm affects size
• Assuming fully connected layers keep spatial size

5. You want to build an FCN for semantic segmentation on 128x128 images with 3 classes. Which architecture choice will produce output matching input size with class scores per pixel?

hard

A. Use fully connected layers after conv layers to classify whole image.

B. Use conv layers without padding and max pooling layers to reduce size.

C. Use conv layers with stride=2 and no upsampling layers.

D. Use conv layers with padding=1 and 1x1 conv at end, no pooling layers.

Solution

1. Step 1: Maintain spatial size

   Padding=1 with kernel size 3 keeps spatial size; no pooling avoids shrinking.

2. Step 2: Output class scores per pixel

   Use 1x1 conv with out_channels=3 to get class scores per pixel matching input size.

3. Final Answer:

   Use conv layers with padding=1 and 1x1 conv at end, no pooling layers. -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   Padding + 1x1 conv = pixel-wise classes = C [OK]

Hint: Keep padding and no pooling for same size output [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using pooling reduces output size
• Using fully connected layers loses pixel info
• Using stride>1 without upsampling shrinks output