EKS networking with VPC CNI in AWS - Mini Project: Build & Apply

EKS Networking with VPC CNI

📖 Scenario: You are setting up a simple Amazon EKS cluster with networking configured using the VPC CNI plugin. This plugin allows your Kubernetes pods to have IP addresses from your VPC, enabling seamless communication with other AWS services.We will create the necessary VPC, subnets, and an EKS cluster configured to use the VPC CNI plugin.

🎯 Goal: Build an Amazon EKS cluster with networking configured using the VPC CNI plugin. You will create the VPC and subnets, configure the cluster networking, and enable the VPC CNI plugin for pod networking.

📋 What You'll Learn

Create a VPC with exactly two subnets

Define a variable for the cluster name

Create an EKS cluster resource using the VPC and subnets

Enable the VPC CNI plugin in the cluster configuration

💡 Why This Matters

🌍 Real World

This project models how to configure networking for an Amazon EKS cluster using the VPC CNI plugin, which is essential for pod networking in AWS cloud environments.

💼 Career

Understanding EKS networking and VPC CNI is critical for cloud engineers and DevOps professionals managing Kubernetes clusters on AWS.

1

Create a VPC with two subnets

Create a variable called vpc that defines a VPC with CIDR block 10.0.0.0/16 and two subnets with CIDR blocks 10.0.1.0/24 and 10.0.2.0/24.

AWS

# Your code here to create the vpc variable with two subnets

Hint

Define a dictionary named vpc with keys cidr and subnets. The subnets key should hold a list of two dictionaries each with a cidr key.

2

Define the EKS cluster name variable

Create a variable called cluster_name and set it to the string "my-eks-cluster".

AWS

vpc = {
    "cidr": "10.0.0.0/16",
    "subnets": [
        {"cidr": "10.0.1.0/24"},
        {"cidr": "10.0.2.0/24"}
    ]
}
# Your code here to define cluster_name

Hint

Simply assign the string "my-eks-cluster" to the variable cluster_name.

3

Create the EKS cluster resource

Create a variable called eks_cluster that is a dictionary with keys name, vpc, and subnets. Set name to cluster_name, vpc to the vpc variable, and subnets to the list of subnets inside vpc.

AWS

vpc = {
    "cidr": "10.0.0.0/16",
    "subnets": [
        {"cidr": "10.0.1.0/24"},
        {"cidr": "10.0.2.0/24"}
    ]
}

cluster_name = "my-eks-cluster"
# Your code here to create eks_cluster dictionary

Hint

Create a dictionary named eks_cluster with keys name, vpc, and subnets. Use the existing variables for values.

4

Enable the VPC CNI plugin in the cluster configuration

Add a key called networking to the eks_cluster dictionary. Set it to a dictionary with key cni_plugin and value "vpc-cni".

AWS

vpc = {
    "cidr": "10.0.0.0/16",
    "subnets": [
        {"cidr": "10.0.1.0/24"},
        {"cidr": "10.0.2.0/24"}
    ]
}

cluster_name = "my-eks-cluster"

eks_cluster = {
    "name": cluster_name,
    "vpc": vpc,
    "subnets": vpc["subnets"]
}
# Your code here to add networking with VPC CNI plugin

Hint

Add a networking key to eks_cluster with a dictionary value containing cni_plugin set to "vpc-cni".

Practice

1. What is the main purpose of the VPC CNI plugin in Amazon EKS?

easy

A. To assign VPC IP addresses directly to Kubernetes pods

B. To provide a web interface for managing EKS clusters

C. To store container images in Amazon S3

D. To monitor CPU usage of EKS nodes

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand VPC CNI role in EKS

   The VPC CNI plugin allows pods to get IP addresses from the VPC subnet, enabling direct networking.

2. Step 2: Compare options with VPC CNI function

   Options A, B, and D describe unrelated features like UI, storage, and monitoring, not networking.

3. Final Answer:

   To assign VPC IP addresses directly to Kubernetes pods -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   VPC CNI assigns IPs to pods = C [OK]

Hint: VPC CNI = pod IPs from VPC subnet [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing VPC CNI with monitoring tools
• Thinking VPC CNI manages container images
• Assuming VPC CNI provides UI features

2. Which command correctly enables the AWS VPC CNI plugin on an existing EKS cluster named my-cluster using eksctl?

easy

A. eksctl create cluster --name my-cluster --enable-vpc-cni

B. eksctl utils update-cni --cluster my-cluster

C. aws eks enable-cni --cluster-name my-cluster

D. kubectl apply -f vpc-cni.yaml

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify eksctl command to update CNI

   The correct eksctl command to update or enable the VPC CNI plugin on an existing cluster is eksctl utils update-cni --cluster my-cluster.

2. Step 2: Eliminate incorrect commands

   eksctl create cluster --name my-cluster --enable-vpc-cni creates a new cluster, not update CNI. aws eks enable-cni --cluster-name my-cluster is invalid AWS CLI syntax. kubectl apply -f vpc-cni.yaml applies a manifest but does not enable CNI via eksctl.

3. Final Answer:

   eksctl utils update-cni --cluster my-cluster -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   eksctl update-cni command = A [OK]

Hint: Use eksctl utils update-cni for existing clusters [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using create cluster instead of update-cni
• Trying invalid AWS CLI commands
• Applying manifests without eksctl update

3. Given the following pod spec snippet using AWS VPC CNI, what IP address range will the pod likely receive?

{
  "metadata": {"name": "mypod"},
  "spec": {
    "containers": [{"name": "app", "image": "nginx"}],
    "nodeSelector": {"eks.amazonaws.com/nodegroup": "group1"}
  }
}

Assuming the VPC subnet CIDR is 10.0.0.0/16 and the node group subnet is 10.0.1.0/24.

medium

A. An IP from 10.0.1.0/24 subnet

B. An IP from 192.168.0.0/16 subnet

C. An IP from 172.16.0.0/12 subnet

D. An IP from 127.0.0.1 loopback

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand VPC CNI IP assignment

   VPC CNI assigns pod IPs from the subnet of the node where the pod runs. Here, node group subnet is 10.0.1.0/24.

2. Step 2: Match pod IP range with node subnet

   Since the pod runs on a node in 10.0.1.0/24 subnet, pod IP will be from that subnet, not from unrelated ranges.

3. Final Answer:

   An IP from 10.0.1.0/24 subnet -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Pod IP = node subnet CIDR = B [OK]

Hint: Pod IPs come from node subnet CIDR [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming pod IPs come from unrelated subnets
• Confusing pod IP with loopback or private ranges
• Ignoring node group subnet CIDR

4. You deployed the VPC CNI plugin but pods fail to get IP addresses and remain in Pending state. What is the most likely cause?

medium

A. The EKS cluster control plane is stopped

B. The pod image is missing from the container registry

C. The VPC subnet has no available IP addresses left

D. The Kubernetes API server is overloaded

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify reason pods stay Pending with VPC CNI

   If pods cannot get IPs, a common cause is no free IPs in the VPC subnet used by nodes.

2. Step 2: Exclude unrelated causes

   Pod image missing causes image pull errors, not IP issues. Control plane stopped or API overload cause cluster-wide failures, not just IP assignment.

3. Final Answer:

   The VPC subnet has no available IP addresses left -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Pods Pending due to no IPs = A [OK]

Hint: No free IPs in subnet causes pod Pending [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Blaming image pull errors for IP assignment issues
• Assuming control plane is stopped without checking
• Ignoring subnet IP exhaustion

5. You want to optimize your EKS cluster networking to support thousands of pods per node using the VPC CNI plugin. Which configuration change should you apply?

hard

A. Reduce the pod security policies to allow more pods

B. Increase the node instance type to the largest available

C. Disable the VPC CNI plugin and use Calico instead

D. Enable the 'WARM_IP_TARGET' setting to pre-allocate more IP addresses per node

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand how to scale pod IPs with VPC CNI

   The VPC CNI plugin uses environment variables like 'WARM_IP_TARGET' to keep extra IPs ready per node, allowing more pods to launch quickly.

2. Step 2: Evaluate other options

   Increasing instance size helps but does not directly increase IPs. Disabling VPC CNI changes networking model. Pod security policies do not affect IP allocation.

3. Final Answer:

   Enable the 'WARM_IP_TARGET' setting to pre-allocate more IP addresses per node -> Option D

4. Quick Check:

   WARM_IP_TARGET pre-allocates IPs = D [OK]

Hint: Use WARM_IP_TARGET to pre-allocate pod IPs [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Thinking instance size alone increases IPs
• Confusing network plugins instead of tuning VPC CNI
• Misunderstanding pod security policies impact