You run passwd alice as root but get the error: passwd: Authentication token manipulation error. What is the most likely cause?

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Linux CLI - Users and Groups

You run passwd alice as root but get the error: passwd: Authentication token manipulation error. What is the most likely cause?

AThe password entered does not meet complexity rules.

BYou forgot to run the command with <code>sudo</code> or as root.

CThe user <code>alice</code> does not exist.

DThe <code>passwd</code> command is not installed.

Step-by-Step Solution

Solution:

Step 1: Understand the error meaning
The error usually means insufficient permissions to update password files.
Step 2: Identify cause based on command context
If not run as root or with sudo, passwd cannot change another user's password, causing this error.
Final Answer:
You forgot to run the command with sudo or as root. -> Option B
Quick Check:
Permission error means missing root privileges = C [OK]

Quick Trick: Run passwd with root or sudo to avoid permission errors [OK]

Common Mistakes:

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