String replacement (${var/old/new}) in Bash Scripting

Introduction

You use string replacement to change parts of text stored in a variable quickly without extra tools.

Fix a typo in a word inside a variable.

Change a file extension in a filename stored in a variable.

Replace a word in a sentence stored in a variable.

Update a URL or path stored in a variable.

Modify a configuration value inside a string.

Syntax

Bash Scripting

${variable/old/new}

This replaces the first occurrence of 'old' with 'new' in the variable's value.

To replace all occurrences, use ${variable//old/new} with double slashes.

Examples

Replaces 'world' with 'universe' in the variable 'text'.

Bash Scripting

text="hello world"
echo "${text/world/universe}"

Changes the file extension from 'txt' to 'pdf'.

Bash Scripting

filename="report.txt"
echo "${filename/txt/pdf}"

Replaces only the first 'fish' with 'cat'.

Bash Scripting

sentence="one fish two fish"
echo "${sentence/fish/cat}"

Replaces all 'fish' with 'cat' using double slashes.

Bash Scripting

sentence="one fish two fish"
echo "${sentence//fish/cat}"

Sample Program

This script shows how to replace the first and all occurrences of 'apples' with 'oranges' in a string variable.

Bash Scripting

#!/bin/bash
text="I love apples and apples are tasty"
# Replace first 'apples' with 'oranges'
new_text="${text/apples/oranges}"
echo "$new_text"
# Replace all 'apples' with 'oranges'
all_replaced="${text//apples/oranges}"
echo "$all_replaced"

Important Notes

String replacement does not change the original variable unless you assign it back.

It works only on variables, not on command output directly.

Use double slashes (//) to replace all matches, single slash (/) for the first match only.

Summary

Use ${var/old/new} to replace the first match of 'old' with 'new' in a variable.

Use ${var//old/new} to replace all matches.

This is a quick way to edit text inside variables without extra commands.

Practice

1. What does the expression ${var/old/new} do in bash scripting?

easy

A. Appends 'new' to the variable 'var' if it contains 'old'.

B. Replaces the first occurrence of 'old' with 'new' in the variable 'var'.

C. Deletes the variable 'var' if it contains 'old'.

D. Replaces all occurrences of 'old' with 'new' in the variable 'var'.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the syntax ${var/old/new}

   This syntax replaces only the first occurrence of the substring 'old' with 'new' inside the variable 'var'.

2. Step 2: Differentiate from ${var//old/new}

   The double slash version replaces all occurrences, but the single slash replaces only the first one.

3. Final Answer:

   Replaces the first occurrence of 'old' with 'new' in the variable 'var'. -> Option B

4. Quick Check:

   Single slash means first occurrence only [OK]

Hint: Single slash replaces first match only, double slash replaces all [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Confusing single slash with double slash for all replacements
• Thinking it deletes or appends instead of replacing
• Assuming it works on strings outside variables

2. Which of the following is the correct syntax to replace the first occurrence of 'cat' with 'dog' in variable animal?

easy

A. ${animal/cat/dog}

B. ${animal//cat/dog}

C. ${animal/cat|dog}

D. ${animal:cat:dog}

Solution

1. Step 1: Identify correct replacement syntax

   The correct syntax for replacing the first occurrence is ${variable/old/new}, so ${animal/cat/dog} is correct.

2. Step 2: Check other options for errors

   ${animal//cat/dog} uses double slash which replaces all occurrences, not just the first. Options C and D use invalid syntax.

3. Final Answer:

   ${animal/cat/dog} -> Option A

4. Quick Check:

   Single slash correct for first occurrence [OK]

Hint: Use single slash for first replacement, double slash for all [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Using double slash when only first replacement is needed
• Using wrong delimiters like | or : instead of /
• Confusing syntax with substring extraction

3. Given text="hello world world", what is the output of echo ${text/world/earth}?

medium

A. hello earth earth

B. hello world earth

C. hello earth world

D. hello world world

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand the variable content

   The variable text contains "hello world world" with two 'world' words.

2. Step 2: Apply ${text/world/earth}

   This replaces only the first occurrence of 'world' with 'earth', so the result is "hello earth world".

3. Final Answer:

   hello earth world -> Option C

4. Quick Check:

   Single slash replaces first match only [OK]

Hint: Single slash replaces only first match, so second 'world' stays [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Expecting all 'world' to change to 'earth'
• Confusing output with original variable
• Misreading variable content

4. What is wrong with this code snippet?

file="data.txt"
newfile=${file/data/txt}
echo $newfile

medium

A. It replaces 'data' with 'txt' correctly.

B. Syntax error due to missing slashes in replacement.

C. It replaces 'data' with 'txt' but misses the dot.

D. It replaces 'data' with 'txt' but changes the file extension incorrectly.

Solution

1. Step 1: Check the replacement syntax

   The replacement syntax must be ${var/old/new} with slashes separating parts. Here, ${file/data/txt} is correct syntax.

2. Step 2: Analyze the replacement effect

   The code replaces 'data' with 'txt', so 'data.txt' becomes 'txt.txt'. There is no syntax error.

3. Step 3: Identify the logical issue

   While the code executes correctly, the replacement of 'data' with 'txt' produces 'txt.txt', which alters the filename in a way that incorrectly impacts the intended file extension handling.

4. Final Answer:

   It replaces 'data' with 'txt' but changes the file extension incorrectly. -> Option D

5. Quick Check:

   Replacement changes 'data' to 'txt', affecting filename [OK]

Hint: Check slashes and replaced parts carefully for syntax and effect [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming syntax error when slashes are correct
• Ignoring that replacement changes filename parts
• Confusing replacement with substring extraction

5. You have a variable sentence="apple banana apple cherry apple". How do you replace only the second occurrence of 'apple' with 'orange' using bash string replacement?

hard

A. Use parameter expansion with substring and manual replacement.

B. Use ${sentence//apple/orange} to replace all.

C. Use ${sentence/apple/orange} twice.

D. Use ${sentence/apple/orange} once; it replaces second occurrence automatically.

Solution

1. Step 1: Understand limitation of ${var/old/new}

   This syntax replaces only the first occurrence, no direct way to replace the second occurrence.

2. Step 2: Consider manual approach

   To replace the second occurrence, you must split or manipulate the string manually using substring extraction and concatenation.

3. Step 3: Confirm the approach

   Bash parameter expansion with single or double slashes cannot target specific non-first occurrences; manual string manipulation using substrings is required.

4. Final Answer:

   Use parameter expansion with substring and manual replacement. -> Option A

5. Quick Check:

   Only manual substring methods can target second occurrence [OK]

Hint: Single slash replaces first only; second needs manual substring handling [OK]

Common Mistakes:

• Assuming single replacement syntax can target second occurrence
• Using double slash to replace all instead of just second
• Expecting repeated use of ${var/old/new} to replace second occurrence